Reproductive System

  - also known as the genital system, is the

Bulbourethral Gland
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Penis
Testis
Scrotum
 Testis
• The testes are responsible for
making testosterone, the primary
male sex hormone, and for
producing sperm.
• Within the testes are coiled masses
of tubes called seminiferous
tubules.
• producing the sperm
cells through a process
called spermatogenesis.
 Scrotum
• It is a loose pouch-like sac of skin
that holds the testiscles
• It protects your testes, as well as
providing a sort of climate control
system.
 Penis
• The root is attached to the wall of
your abdomen.
 Penis
• The body or shaft is shaped like a
tube or cylinder
 Penis
• The glans is cone-shaped end of the
penis.
• the head of penis
• covered with a
loose layer of skin
called foreskin.
 Penis
• The glans is cone-shaped end of the
penis.
• the head of penis
• covered with a
loose layer of skin
called foreskin.
 Vas Deferens
• It is a long, muscular tube that
travels from the epididymis into the
pelvic cavity, to just behind the
bladder.
• It carries sperm from testes to
urethra
 Urethra
• It is the tube that carries sperm and
urine out of the body
 Epididymis
• A long-coiled tube that rests on the
backside of each testicle.
• It is where the
sperm cells mature.
 Seminal Vesicle
• It secretes a fluid that makes up
most of components of the semen
 Prostate Gland
• It secretes alkaline milky fluid that
is discharged as part of the semen
 Bulbourethral Gland
• It secretes a thick and clear mucus
that lubricates and neutralizes any
trace of acidic urine in the urethra
Female Reproductive System

Uterus
Endometrium
Ovary
Cervix
Fallopian Tube/
Oviduct

Vagina
 Ovary
• A small, oval-shaped glands that are
located on either side
of the -uterus.
It produces egg cell.
 Oviduct/ Fallopian Tube
• These are narrow tubes that are
attached to the upper part
of the uterus and serve as pathways
for the ova (egg cells) to
travel from the ovaries to the uterus
 Oviduct/ Fallopian Tube
• They serve as passageway of eggs
from the ovary to the
uterus; site of fertilization
 Uterus
• It is a hollow, pear-shaped organ
that is the home to a developing
fetus.
 Uterus
• The site of egg implantation; is
where the fertilized egg develops.
- If the egg cell is not fertilized,
uterine lining (endometrium)
will break down in the form of blood
commonly known as menstruation.
 Vagina
• It is a canal that joins the cervix (the
lower part of uterus) to
the outside of the body. It also is
known as the birth canal.
-It receives the penis of male during
mating
Menstrual Cycle
 Menstrual Cycle
• term used to describe the sequence of events
that occur within a woman’s body as it
prepares for the possibility of pregnancy
each month.
 Menstrual Cycle
• The average cycle is 28 days (about 4 weeks)
long
• A cycle can range in length from 21 days to
about 35 days.
• Menstrual cycle are triggered by the
rise and fall of chemicals in the body
called hormones.
At what age does menstruation typically
begin?
• Girls start menstruating at the average age of
12.
• Girls can begin menstruating as early as 8
years of age or as late as 16 years of age.
• Women stop menstruating at
menopause, which occurs at about
the age of 51.
• At menopause, a woman stops
producing eggs (stops ovulating).
• Defined as one year without periods,
and after this time a woman can no
longer become pregnant
 Menses Phase
• Lasts from day one to day five
• Is the time when the lining of the uterus is
actually shed out through the vagina if
pregnancy has not occurred.
Menses Phase
 Follicular Phase
• Takes place from days six to 14.
• The level of the hormone estrogen rises,
which causes the lining of the uterus (called
the endometrium) to grow and thicken.
 Follicular Phase
• Hormone—follicle-stimulating
hormone—causes follicles in the
ovaries to grow.
• During days 10 to 14, one of the developing
follicles will form a fully mature egg
(ovum).
Follicular Phase
 Ovulation
• This phase occurs roughly at about day 14 in
a 28-day menstrual cycle.
• A sudden increase in another hormone—
luteinizing hormone—causes the ovary to
release its egg.
Ovulation
 Luteal Phase
• the egg is released from the ovary it begins
to travel through the fallopian tubes to the
uterus.
• If the egg becomes fertilized by a sperm and
attaches itself to the uterine wall, the woman
becomes pregnant.
 Luteal Phase
• the egg is released from the ovary it begins
to travel through the fallopian tubes to the
uterus.
• If the egg becomes fertilized by a sperm and
attaches itself to the uterine wall, the woman
becomes pregnant.
 Luteal Phase
• If pregnancy does not occur, estrogen and
progesterone levels drop, and the thickened
lining of the uterus is shed during the
menstrual period.
Luteal Phase
What are some of the symptoms of a normal
menstruation?
• Moodiness ● Acne
• Trouble sleeping ● Food Cravings
• Tenderness of Breast
• Cramps in the lower abdomen and back
• Bloating
 Menstrual Problem
• Ovarian cysts. Cysts are fluid-filled sacs on
the ovary. Ovarian cysts usually don’t cause
any symptoms, but some can cause pain
during your period or at ovulation.
• Endometriosis. This condition happens when
the lining of the uterus grows outside of the
uterus where it does not belong.
• Uterine fibroids. Fibroids are tumors that
grow in or on the wall of the uterus. They are
almost always not cancerous.
 Menstrual Hormone
• Oestrogen causes eggs to mature in ovaries
once a girl hits puberty.
• Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), causing
maturation of an egg in the ovary
• Luteinising hormone (LH) stimulating the
release of the egg
 Menstrual Hormone
• Oestrogen causes eggs to mature in ovaries
once a girl hits puberty.
• Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), causing
maturation of an egg in the ovary
• Luteinising hormone (LH) stimulating the
release of the egg
 Irregular Period
• If your menstrual cycle is shorter or longer
than average. This means that the time from
the first day of your last period up to the start
of your next period is less than 24 days or
more than 38 days.
 Causes Irregular Period
• Eating disorders. Irregular or missed periods
can be signs of eating disorders, most often
anorexia nervosa. But any eating disorder,
including bulimia nervosa and binge eating
disorder, can cause irregular periods
• Thyroid problems, such as hyperthyroidism
or overactive thyroid, causes your thyroid to
make more thyroid hormone than your body
needs. Hyperthyroidism can also cause fewer
and lighter menstrual periods than normal.
• High amounts of prolactin in the blood.
This condition is called hyperprolactinemia
• Prolactin is the hormone that causes breasts
to grow during puberty and makes breast milk
after childbirth. It also helps control the
menstrual cycle.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a
condition that usually causes multiple ovarian
cysts, hormonal imbalance, and irregular
periods. About 1 in 10 women with irregular
menstrual cycles has PCOS1
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Irregular
periods can be a sign of PID, an infection of
the reproductive organs. PID is most often
caused by a sexually transmitted infection
(STI)
• Stress. Studies show high levels of chronic
(long-term) stress can lead to irregular
periods.
• Uncontrolled diabetes. Type 1 and type 2
diabetes can cause irregular periods but
getting your diabetes under control can help
your periods become more regular.
• Obesity. The extra fat in the body makes the
hormone estrogen. The extra estrogen changes
the normal menstrual cycle and can cause
missed, irregular, or heavy periods.