Matter and Its Properties

Matter and its properties
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
:There are two general properties of all matter
volume: the amount of three-dimensional space an )1

.object occupies
mass: a measure of the amount of matter )2
Mass is the measurement you make using a balance

Atoms
The fundamental building blocks of matter are atoms and
molecules
Atom is the smallest unit of an element that maintains

the chemical identity of that element
The fundamental building blocks of matter are atoms and
molecules
:Matter comes in many forms
Elements )1
compounds )2
Elements
Element is a pure substance that cannot be broken
down into simpler, stable substance and is made of
one type of atom
Ex. Carbon is an element and contains one kind of atom

Compounds
Compound is a substance that can be broken into
simple stable substances
Each compound is made from the atoms of two or
more elements that are chemically bonded
Ex. Sucrose
It is made of three elements: carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen
Molecules
Molecules are the smallest unit of an element that

retains all of the properties of that element or
compound
All substances have characteristic properties
Every substance whether it is an element or a compound

has characteristic properties
Chemists use properties to distinguish between

substances and to separate them
A property may be a characteristic that defines an entire

group of substance, that property can be used to
classify an unknown substance as a member of that
group
Properties
Properties are either intensive or extensive
Extensive properties depend on the amount of

matter that is present
Ex. Volume, mass and the amount of energy

present
Properties
Intensive properties do not depend on the
amount of matter present
Ex. Melting point, boiling point, density and the
ability to conduct electricity and to transfer
energy as heat
Iron: melts at 1538 C⁰ regardless of whether or
not you have 20 g or 20 kg
Properties
:There are also two general types of properties
Physical properties )1
Chemical properties )2
Physical properties and physical changes
Physical property is a characteristic that can be

observed or measured without changing the
identity of the substance
Ex. Melting and boiling points, density

Water melts from ice to liquid at 0 C⁰
Water’s density at 4 C⁰ is about 1000kg\ m³
Physical change
A change in a substance that does not involve a
change in the identity of the substance
Ex. Grinding, cutting , melting and boiling
materials
These types of changes do not change the

identity of the substance present, it may
change the state of this substance
States of matter
A change of state is a physical change of a
substance from one state to another
The three common states of matter are solid,

liquid and gas
Solid state
Matter in this state has definite volume and definite
shape
Solids have this characteristic because the particles in

them are packed together in relatively fixed positions
The particles are held together by the strong attractive

forces between them and only vibrate about fixed
points
Liquid state
Matter in this state has a definite volume but an
indefinite shape
A liquid assumes the shape of its container
Liquids have this characteristic because the particles in
them are close together but can move past one
another
The particles in a liquid move more rapidly than those
in a solid, this causes them to overcome the strong
attractive forces between them and flow
Gas state
Matter in a the gas state has neither definite
volume nor definite shape
They expand to fill any size container and takes the
shape of the container
All gases have this characteristic because they are
composed of particles that move very rapidly and
are at great distances from one another
The attractive forces between gas particles are
weak
Plasma
An important fourth state of matter is plasma
A physical state of matter in which atoms lose

most of their electrons
Chemical properties and chemical change
A chemical property relates to a substance’s ability to

undergo changes that transform it into different
substances
Chemical properties are easiest to see when substances

react o form new substances
Ex. The ability of carbon to burn in air is a chemical
property
Chemical change
A change in which one or more substances are
converted into different substances is called a
chemical change or chemical reaction
The substances that react in a chemical change are

called reactants
The substances that are formed by the chemical change

are called the products
Chemical change
Ex. Te reaction of burning charcoal in air
Carbon and oxygen are reactants
Carbon dioxide and water vapor are products
Chemical reaction are normally written with arrows and

plus signs
Mercury (II) oxide mercury + oxygen
Law of conservation of mass
In any chemical reaction the properties of the
products differ from the properties of the
reactants
The total amount of matter present before and

after a reaction doesn’t change
This is the law of conservation of mass

Energy and changes in matter
When physical or chemical change occur, energy is
always involved, it can take several forms such as
heat or light
Sometimes this heat may cause physical change as in

the melting of ice, and sometimes it may cause
chemical change such as in the decomposition of
water vapor to form oxygen and hydrogen gases
Law of conservation of energy
The total amount of energy remains the same,

although energy can be absorbed or released
in a change, it is not destroyed or created
Matter can be a pure substance or a mixture
Matter can be classified either as a pure substance or

as a mixture
Pure substance is the same throughout and doesn’t

vary from sample to sample, it could be an element
or a compound
Mixture contain more than one substance , they vary in

composition and properties from sample to sample
Pure substances
Pure substance has a fixed composition, they are
always homogeneous, they differ from mixtures in
:the following ways
Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly )1

the same characteristic properties
Every sample of a pure substance has exactly the )2
same composition
Pure substances
Pure substances are either compounds or elements
Compounds can be decomposed or broken down into

two or more simpler compounds or elements by a
chemical change
Ex. Water can be broken down into hydrogen and

oxygen by electrolysis
Mixtures
A mixture is a blend of two or more kinds of matter,
each of which retains its own identity and properties
The properties of a mixture are a combination of the

properties of its component because they can usually
be separated
Mixtures
:There are two types of mixtures
homogeneous )1
Heterogeneous )2
Homogeneous mixtures
Mixtures that are uniform in composition
They have the same proportion of components

throughout
They are also called solutions

Ex. Saltwater solution
Can be separated by vaporization
Heterogeneous mixtures
Mixtures that are not uniform throughout
Ex. Clay and water , heavier clay particles concentrate

near the bottom of the container
Can be separated by filtration, decanting, centrifuging

and paper chromatography
Classification of matter
Classification of matter
Impurities
Chemists need to be aware of the kinds of

impurities in a reagent because these
impurities could affect the results of a reaction

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Matter and its properties

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space

:There are two general properties of all matter

volume: the amount of three-dimensional space an )1

Mass is the measurement you make using a balance

Atom is the smallest unit of an element that maintains

Ex. Carbon is an element and contains one kind of atom

Molecules are the smallest unit of an element that

Every substance whether it is an element or a compound

Chemists use properties to distinguish between

A property may be a characteristic that defines an entire

Extensive properties depend on the amount of

Ex. Volume, mass and the amount of energy

Physical property is a characteristic that can be

Ex. Melting and boiling points, density

These types of changes do not change the

The three common states of matter are solid,

Solids have this characteristic because the particles in

The particles are held together by the strong attractive

A physical state of matter in which atoms lose

A chemical property relates to a substance’s ability to

Chemical properties are easiest to see when substances

The substances that react in a chemical change are

The substances that are formed by the chemical change

Chemical reaction are normally written with arrows and

The total amount of matter present before and

This is the law of conservation of mass

Sometimes this heat may cause physical change as in

The total amount of energy remains the same,

Matter can be classified either as a pure substance or

Pure substance is the same throughout and doesn’t

Mixture contain more than one substance , they vary in

Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly )1

Compounds can be decomposed or broken down into

Ex. Water can be broken down into hydrogen and

The properties of a mixture are a combination of the

They have the same proportion of components

They are also called solutions

Ex. Clay and water , heavier clay particles concentrate

Can be separated by filtration, decanting, centrifuging

Chemists need to be aware of the kinds of

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