DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

ADVANCED COMMUNICATION

MANU RAJU
 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION
● Frequency 1GHz to 300 GHz
● Wavelength is ranging from 1cm to 60 cm
● Microwave communication is full duplex
● Each frequency band is divided into half-
● Lower half-low band, Upper half-high band
● At any radio station transmitter works in either low or high band.
● Short haul microwave systems carry information for short distance
between cities(intrastate or feeder service)
● Long haul microwave system carry information for long distance
(Interstate)
 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION
● Microwave radio capacity range from less than 12 voice band channels to
more than 22,000 channels.
● Early Microwave system used frequency division multiplexed voice band
circuits and used noncoherent frequency modulation techniques.
● New Microwave system used pulse code modulated time division
multiplexed voice band circuits and use digital modulation techniques
such as PSK or QAM
Microwave Radio link
 Advantage
● High operating frequencies, can carry large quantities of information

● High frequencies mean short wavelengths, which require relatively small

antennas

● Fewer repeaters are necessary for amplification

● Minimal crosstalk exists between voice channels.

 Disadvantage
● More difficult to analyze and design circuits at microwave frequencies

● It is difficult to implement conventional circuit components at microwave

frequencies.

● Transient time is more critical at microwave frequencies.

● Propagate in a straight line, which limits their use to line of-sight

applications
 DIVERSITY
● Microwave systems use line-of-site transmission
● Direct signal path must exist between the transmit and the receive
antennas.
● if that signal path undergoes a severe degradation, a service interruption
will occur.
● Radio path losses vary with atmospheric conditions
● Reduction in the received signal strength of 20, 30, or 40 or more dB
● Diversity suggests that there is more than one transmission path or method
of transmission available between a transmitter and a receiver
 DIVERSITY
● Increase the reliability of the system by increasing its availability
● System can select the path or method that produces the highest-quality
received signal.
● Frequency Diversity, Space diversity, polarization,Hybrid
 Frequency diversity

Send same data using two carrier frequency

 Space Diversity
● Two or more antennas to transmit or receive the data

Space diversity is more expensive than frequency diversity

 Protection Switching Arrangement
● To avoid a service interruption during periods of deep fades or equipment
failures, alternate facilities are temporarily made available in a protection
switching arrangement.
● Protection against equipment failures and atmospheric fades.
● Provide protection for a much larger section of the communications system that
generally includes several repeaters
● Two types hot standby and diversity.
● Hot standby- each working radio channel has a dedicated backup or spare
channel.
● Diversity protection- a single backup channel is made available to as many as 11
working channels.
 Hot Standby
● Use working channel and standby channel.
● Head end bridge divides splits the signal
● IF switch monitors and if fails switch to standby
 Diversity
● This system has two working channels (channel 1 and channel 2), one spare channel,
and an auxiliary channel
 Diversity
● The IF switch at the receive end continuously monitors the receive signal strength of
both working channels.
● If either one should fail, the IF switch detects a loss of carrier and sends back to the
transmitting station IF switch a VF (voice frequency) tone-encoded signal that directs
it to switch the IF signal from the failed channel onto the spare microwave channel.
● The auxiliary channel simply provides a transmission path between the two IF
switches
● The auxiliary channel is a low capacity low power microwave radio that is designed
to be used for a maintenance channel only.
Diversity vs Protection switching
Microwave propagation Path
 Applications
● At frequencies below 1.5 MHz, the surface wave provides
the primary coverage.
● Sky wave helps extend this coverage at night when the absorption of
the ionosphere is at a minimum
● frequencies above about 30 MHz to 50 MHz, the freespace and
ground-reflected paths are generally the the only paths of importance.
Free space path loss
 FM Microwave Radio stations
● there are two types of FM microwave stations
● Terminals and repeaters
● A terminal station consists of four major sections: the baseband,
wireline entrance link (WLEL), FM-IF, and RF sections
 Satellite Communication
● Satellite refers to object that revolves around the earth
● Satellite communication-communication takes place between two earth
stations through a satellite
● The uplink frequency is high and down link frequency low
● Path loss increases
with frequency.
● Transmitter have
more Power to
Overcome loss
Advantages Disadvantages
Elements of satellite communication
Satellite orbits
Geostationary or Geosynchronous earth orbit
Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
Prograde and Retrograde orbit
Orbital Mechanism
Orbital Mechanism
Orbital Mechanism
Orbital Mechanism
Orbital Mechanism
Satellite Subsystem
 Link budget calculations

Friss Transmission equation

Single conversion transponder
Regenerative transponder
Comparison of different Mobile generations
Q1. What is EIRP

A. Energy isotropic Radiated power B. Effective Isotropic radiated power

C . .Equivalent Isotropic Resonance Power D.None of these

The correct answer is
B. Effective Isotropic radiated power
Q2. What is loss of power of a satellite downlink signal because of earth’s
atmosphere.

A. Atmospheric loss B. Radiation loss

C . Path loss D.Channel loss

The correct answer is
C. Path loss
Q3. Atmospheric drag has negligible effect on

A. MEO B. GEO

C .LEO
D. None of these
The correct answer is
B. GEO
Q4. The range between ground station and a satellite is 40000 Km.
Calculate the path loss a frequency of 11 GHz.

A. 100dB B. 150.5 dB

C 175.6 dB
. D. 205.3 dB
The correct answer is

D. 205.3 dB
Q5. Which kind of battery panels are used in advanced satellites

A. silicon based B. Gallium phosphate solar panel

C Germanium based
. D. Gallium Arsenide based solar
panel
The correct answer is

D. Gallium Arsenide based solar panel

Q6. The component that receives, translates the frequency and
retransmits the the signal in satellite

A. Transponder B. Relay

C. Transducer D. Repeater
The correct answer is

A. Transponder
Q7. Major power sources for satellite are

A. Batteries B.Fuel cells

C. D. Solar cells
The correct answer is

D. Solar cells
Q8. In satellite subsystem, unit which monitors and controls the satellite
is known as

A. Power B. Propulsion
Subsystem
C. D. Telemetry
system
The correct answer is
D. Telemetry tracking and command
subsystem
Q9. In Transponder, power amplification is usually provided by

A. Klystron B. TWT
C. Transistor D. Magnetron
The correct answer is
B. TWT
Q10. Altitude control is required

A. To ensure B. Proper gain

that
C.Proper D. Proper
The correct answer is
A. To ensure that directional antennas point
in proper direction
Q11. The radiation patterns of earth coverage antennas have a
beamwidth of

A.21 degree B. 35 degree

C. 17 degree D. 55 degree
The correct answer is

C. 17 degree
Q12. For a elliptical orbit the value eccentricity is

B.e=1

A. e=0
C. 0<e<1 D. None of the above
The correct answer is

C. 0<e<1
Q13. In a elliptical orbit at which point the velocity of satellite is maximum

A.Retrograde B. Posigrade
C. Perigee D. Apogee
The correct answer is

C. Perigee
Q14. When the height of the satellite orbit is reduced, the speed of the
satellite is

A.Remains the B. increases

C. same D. None of
The correct answer is
B. increases
Q15. The orbital period of satellite is 650 min. What is the semi major
axis of the elliptical orbit.

B. 5250 Km
A.5250 Km
C. 5350 km D. 5450 Km
The correct answer is
C. 5350 km
Q16. The apogee and perigee of an elliptical satellite orbits are 3000 Km
and 200 Km. Determine the eccentricity.

B. 0.87
A. 0.9

D. 0.92
C. 0.68
The correct answer is
B. 0.87
Q17. Apogee and perigee of an elliptical satellite orbits are 5000 Km and
2000 Km. What is semimajor axis and semiminor axis.

B. 4500 Km and 2500 Km

A. 3500 Km
and 1500Km
C. 2500 Km D. 1500 Km and 300 Km
The correct answer is
A. 3500 Km and 1500 Km
Q11. The difference between apogee and perigee is 25000 Km and
semimajor axis is 16000 km. earth radius is 6360 km. determine
eccentricity of orbit.

B. 0.87
A.0.91
D. 0.92
C. 0.78
The correct answer is
C. 0.78
Q12. Determine the propagation delay when a signal transmitter by an
earth station to a geosynchronous satellite about 38500 km above earth
equator and received by the same earth station.

A. 128 msec B. 256 msec

C. 300 msec D. 400 msec
The correct answer is
B. 256 msec
THANK YOU