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Power Quality

Power quality refers to maintaining steady voltage and frequency levels for electric power. Deviations can cause equipment failures. Harmonics from nonlinear loads distort voltage waveforms. Total harmonic distortion quantifies waveform distortion compared to the fundamental frequency. Symmetrical components represent an unbalanced power system as balanced components to simplify analysis. Standards organizations establish guidelines to define acceptable power quality levels.

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145 views13 pages

Power Quality

Power quality refers to maintaining steady voltage and frequency levels for electric power. Deviations can cause equipment failures. Harmonics from nonlinear loads distort voltage waveforms. Total harmonic distortion quantifies waveform distortion compared to the fundamental frequency. Symmetrical components represent an unbalanced power system as balanced components to simplify analysis. Standards organizations establish guidelines to define acceptable power quality levels.

Uploaded by

Bochi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Power Quality

REPORTER: RENALD S. DEVERA

DECHENYL T. PAGARIGAN

ARJAY BOY B. DION

MARK GIL O. AQUINO


POWER

20XX
QUALITY
• Electric utilities and end users of electrical power are concerned about the
quality of electric power

• Power Quality Perspectives


 Supplier side : Generators ability to generate power at 50 Hz with slight
variations
 Consumer side : Refers to steady voltage within ±5%
• Power is the rate of energy delivered or consumed. Power is proportional to the
product of the voltage and current

PINTRODUCTION
• Power supply system can generally control the quality of voltage → standards
in the power quality area are devoted to maintaining the supply voltage within
certain limits

• Any significant deviation in the magnitude, frequency, or distortion of


sinusoidal voltage waveform is a power quality problem
2
 Definition: Any power problem manifested in voltage, current, or frequency
deviations that results in failure or mis-operation of customer equipment
 IEEE definition: Power quality is the concept of powering and grounding
sensitive electronic equipment in a manner suitable for the equipment.
 Power quality is determined by the performance and productivity of end-
user equipment → If the electric power is inadequate for the consumer needs,
then power quality is lacking
 Lightning can be considered as a natural cause of power quality issues in the
system

3
Sources and effects of power quality problems
Non-linear loads- Mainly power electronics devices

IT and office equipments


• Integrated circuit (IC) chips
• Cs are very sensitive to changes in power supply
• Computers, microprocessors, consumer electronic and telecommunication appliances have switched mode
power supply (SMPS)
• SMPS significantly increases level of 3rd, 5th and 7th harmonic orders in the voltage → causes distortions
Arcing devices - Electric arc furnaces, arc welders and electric discharge lamps I Highly non-linear loads I
Causes harmonic distortion
Load switching- Transients might occur as the result of switching in a heavy loads
Large motor starting - Dynamic nature of induction machines means that they draw current depending on the
mode of operation. During starting, this current can be as high as six times the normal rated current. This
increased loading on the local network that has the effect of causing a voltage dip
Lightning strike and environmental disturbances - Lightning strikes → transient over-voltages
General steps associated with investigating power
quality problems
5
Harmonic Analysis
Nonlinear devices → Harmonics in Voltage and Current

Fourier postulated that “any continuous function repetitive in an interval (T) can be represented by the summation
of a DC component, a fundamental sinusoidal component and a series of higher-order sinusoidal components
(called harmonics) at frequencies which are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency”.

Harmonic analysis: Process of calculating the magnitudes and phases of the fundamental and higher-order
harmonics of the periodic waveform
→ Fourier series

Fourier series establishes a relationship between a time-domain function and that function in the frequency
domain
Fourier transform and its inverse are used to map any function in the interval from -∞ to ∞, in either the time or
frequency domain.

6
Fourier Series and Coefficients
• Fourier series of a periodic function x(t)

This is the frequency-domain representation of the periodic function


 a0 : Average value of the function x(t)
 an and bn :Coefficients of the Fourier series (i.e., Rectangular components of the nth harmonic

• n th harmonic vector,

20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 7


SYMETRICAL
COMPONENTS
In power systems, it is a common occurrence that there are unbalanced voltages and currents
on the distribution side of the grid. But these voltages and currents might be unbalanced
anywhere through the grid in the case of a Fault, most commonly a short circuit fault. 
The simplest method to calculate the before mentioned quantities is a method termed "symmetrical per
phase" technique and the concept is known as Symmetrical Components given by Fortescue's Theorem.
It is also known as the "Three-component method". It can be descried as:An unbalanced system
of 'n' phasors can be resolved in an 'n' system of balanced phasors called the symmetrical components of
the original system.
What are symmetrical components and Why do we use
them?
An unbalanced system consisting of ‘n’ number of phasors can be divided into ‘n’ systems of
balanced phasor. These ‘n’ systems of balanced systems are known as symmetrical
components.
The method of symmetrical components simplified the problem of three-phase unbalanced
systems. Symmetrical components, besides, to be a powerful analytical tool, is also conceptually
useful. The symmetrical components themselves, which are obtained from a transformation of
the ordinary line voltages and currents, are useful. Symmetrical components have become
accepted as one way of describing the properties of many types of network elements such as
transmission lines, motors, and generators.
8
20XX
Breakdown of the Symmetrical
Components:
Positive sequence consists of balanced three phase voltage
and current phasors which are exactly at 120 degrees
apart rotating counterclockwise in ABC rotation.
Remember voltages are line-neutral. This is the voltage
that we can expect out of an ideal three phase generator.

Negative sequence consists of balanced three phase voltage


and current phasors which are exactly at 120 degrees
apart rotating counterclockwise in ACB rotation.

Zero sequence consists of balanced three phase voltage and


current, phasors of which all have same phase angles and
rotate counterclockwise together.
 

9
20XX
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
What is Total Harmonic Distortion?
Total harmonic distortion is a complex and often confusing concept to grasp. However, when broken
down into the basic definitions of harmonics and distortion, it becomes much easier to understand

Imagine a power system with an AC source and an electrical load (Figure 1).

PRESENTATION TITLE
Now imagine that this load is going to take on one of two basic types: linear or nonlinear. The type
of load is going to affect the power quality of the system. This is due to the current draw of each
type of load. Linear loads draw current that is sinusoidal in nature so they generally do not distort
the waveform

10
Harmonics have frequencies that are integer multiples of the waveform’s fundamental frequency. For example,
given a 60Hz fundamental waveform, the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th harmonic components will be at 120Hz, 180Hz,
240Hz and 300Hz respectively. Thus, harmonic distortion is the degree to which a waveform deviates from its
pure sinusoidal values as a result of the summation of all these harmonic elements. The ideal sine wave has zero
harmonic components. In that case, there is nothing to distort this perfect wave.

Total harmonic distortion, or THD, is the summation of all harmonic components of the voltage or current
waveform compared against the fundamental component of the voltage or current wave:

Harmonic distortion can have detrimental effects on electrical equipment. Unwanted distortion can increase the
current in power systems which results in higher temperatures in neutral conductors and distribution transformers.
Higher frequency harmonics cause additional core loss in motors which results in excessive heating of the motor
core. These higher order harmonics can also interfere with communication transmission lines since they oscillate
at the same frequencies as the transmit frequency.

20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 11


Organizations responsible for developing power quality standards
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) I
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
• Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
• International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) etc.

IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 22 (IEEE SCC22)


The Committee is responsible for coordinating IEEE activities related to the quality of electric power as it affects
equipment, users, utilities, power and communications systems

IEEE Standard 519-1992, Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems
• This recommended practice intends to establish goals for the design of electrical systems that include both linear and nonlinear loads. The voltage
and current waveforms that may exist throughout the system are described, and waveform distortion goals for the system designer are established.

Purpose of Power Quality Standards


• Protect utility and end user equipment from failing or mis-operating when the voltage, current, or frequency deviates from normal
• Provides protection by setting measurable limits as to how far the voltage, current, or frequency can deviate from normal
• By setting limits, PQ standards help utilities and their customers gain agreement as to what are acceptable and unacceptable levels of service
• To help the power quality industry to compare the results of power quality measurements from different instruments, the IEEE developed IEEE
Standard 159-1995 Recommended Practices for Monitoring Electric Power Quality

12
THANK YOU

13

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