Cells are the basic unit of life. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are smaller and lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells like plant and animal cells are larger with membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. All cells share some common structures - a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, but plant and animal cells differ in additional structures like a cell wall in plant cells and chloroplasts in plant cells that allow photosynthesis. The organelles work together to carry out life functions.
Cells are the basic unit of life. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are smaller and lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells like plant and animal cells are larger with membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. All cells share some common structures - a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, but plant and animal cells differ in additional structures like a cell wall in plant cells and chloroplasts in plant cells that allow photosynthesis. The organelles work together to carry out life functions.
Cells are the basic unit of life. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are smaller and lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells like plant and animal cells are larger with membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. All cells share some common structures - a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, but plant and animal cells differ in additional structures like a cell wall in plant cells and chloroplasts in plant cells that allow photosynthesis. The organelles work together to carry out life functions.
Cells are the basic unit of life. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are smaller and lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells like plant and animal cells are larger with membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. All cells share some common structures - a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, but plant and animal cells differ in additional structures like a cell wall in plant cells and chloroplasts in plant cells that allow photosynthesis. The organelles work together to carry out life functions.
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Cell Structure and Function
Cells A cell is the smallest unit of life.
Cells can survive and reproduce on its own.
Some cells live and reproduce independently. Others
do so as part of a multicellur organism.
Discovery of cells In the middle of 17th century, one of the pioneers of microscopy, Robert Hooke (1635–1703), first discovered cell. THE CELL THEORY Every organism is composed of one or more cells
Cell is the smallest unit having properties of life
Continuity of life arises from growth and division of
single cells.
• Cells are divided into two general types:
Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC CELL
Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
Usually unicellular Usually multicellular organism organism is composed of is composed of eukaryotic cell prokaryotic cell Relatively larger in size Smaller in size Possess nucleus No True Nucleus Larger ribosomes Smaller ribosomes Example: animal, plant, fungi, Example: bacteria, algae. Archaea. PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELL Can you find differences between animal and plant cell?
Note: Both animal and plant cells are eukaryotic cells
Bacteria, a prokaryotic cell CELL STRUCTURE Animal cells (Eukaryotes) Plant cells (Eukaryotes) Plasma membrane Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Genetic material (Nucleus) Genetic material (Nucleus) Ribosomes Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi body Golgi body Mitochondria Mitochondria Vesicles Vesicles Cell wall Large vacuole Unique Bacterial cells (Prokaryote) to plants Plasma membrane Chloroplast Cytoplasm Genetic Material(Nucleoid) Ribosomes (small) Cell Wall Capsules Pili Flagella STRUCTURE COMMON TO ALL CELLS:
PLASMA MEMBRANE
The plasma membrane is the boundary between the cell and
its environment. It comprises of lipids and proteins. Phospholipid bilayers are the basic structural and functional framework of all cell membranes FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE Plasma membrane is selectively permeable, regulating what materials enter and leave the cell. It also allows interaction of a cell with other cells. STRUCTURE COMMON TO ALL CELLS:
CYTOPLASM Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the membrane of a cell consisting of water, enzymes, and different proteins. NUCLEUS The nucleus of a cell is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope controls the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The nucleus contains DNA, which is the stored genetic instructions of a cell. In a nucleus, DNA is organized into discrete units called chromosomes Structure – Nucleus STRUCTURE COMMON TO ALL CELLS:
RIBOSOMES • Ribosomes are the organelles in which protein synthesis takes place. • They are composed of RNA and protein. • Each ribosome is composed of two subunits: a large one and a small one.
Two types: Bound ribosomes: Many ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Free ribosomes: Many ribosomes are found floating freely in the cytoplasm. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extension of the nuclear envelope. ER forms a continuous compartment that folds into flattened sacs and tubes. The space inside the compartment is the site where many new proteins are modified. There are two kinds of ER: Rough ER: Ribosomes on surface give it a rough appearance Smooth ER: No ribosomes on surface Functions •The smooth ER 1. Synthesizes lipids 2. Metabolizes carbohydrates 3. Detoxifies drugs and poisons 4. Stores calcium ions
•The rough ER 1. Some proteins enter into the rough ER and are modified GOLGI BODIES Golgi bodies or Golgi apparatus are a series of flattened membrane compartments found in both animal and plant cells.
Functions: Process the proteins obtained from the endoplasmic reticulum Package the processed molecules into transport vesicles, then transport them to their final destinations. VESICLES Small, membrane-enclosed, saclike organelles which are formed in great numbers.
There are many types but two main are:
1) Lysosomes: They contain powerful enzymes that can break down carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. They also break down damaged cell organelles and foreign cells or particles 2) Peroxisomes: Peroxisomes contain enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids. Their enzymes also convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen, or use it in reactions that break down alcohol and other toxins. MITOCHONDRIA The mitochondrion (plural, mitochondria) is a type of organelle that is specialized in making ATP (energy molecule of cells). Cells that have a very high demand for energy tend to have many mitochondria e.g. liver cells.
Mitochondria structure Double membrane system: • Smooth outer membrane • Folded inner membrane (cristae) where chemical reactions take place to make ATP. CHLOROPLASTS
Chloroplasts are a type of
membrane-enclosed organelles found in plant cells.
They contain the green
pigment “chlorophyll”, in which photosynthesis occurs.
Photosynthesis is a process by which plants and certain other
organisms use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide and generate oxygen and food (carbohydrates). Cilia Cilia (singular: cilium) are short, hair-like structures that project from the surface of some cells. They are mainly found in eukaryotic cells. They can wave in a rhythmic motion, and use that motion they keep sensitive internal passageways free of foreign particles
Cilia Flagella Flagella (singular: flagellum) are long hair-like structure, present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In prokaryotes, flagellum projects from the cell wall and enables a cell to move. Ineukaryotes, flagellum whips back and forth to propel cells, such as sperm move through fluid. THANK YOU
