Java Programming

Course Code: IT 201

MODULE – I
Dr. Sheenu Rizvi
Asstt. Professor
Dept Of CSE/IT ASET
AUUP Lucknow.

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Operators in Java

Operator in Java is a symbol which is used to perform operations. For example: +, -, *, /

etc.

There are many types of operators in Java which are given below:
o Unary Operator,
o Arithmetic Operator,
o Shift Operator,
o Relational Operator,
o Bitwise Operator,
o Logical Operator,
o Ternary Operator and
o Assignment Operator.

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 Java Operator Precedence

Operator Type Category Precedence

Unary postfix expr++ expr--
prefix ++expr --expr +expr -expr ~ !

Arithmetic multiplicative */%

additive +-
Shift shift << >> >>>
Relational comparison < > <= >= instanceof
equality == !=
Bitwise bitwise AND &
bitwise exclusive OR ^
bitwise inclusive OR |
Logical logical AND &&
logical OR ||
Ternary ternary ?:
Assignment assignment = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= >>>=
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Java Keywords

Java keywords are also known as reserved words. Keywords are particular words which acts as
a key to a code. These are predefined words by Java so it cannot be used as a variable or object
name. List of Java Keywords
A list of Java keywords or reserved words are given below:

1. abstract: Java abstract keyword is used to declare abstract class. Abstract class can provide the
implementation of interface. It can have abstract and non-abstract methods.
2. boolean: Java boolean keyword is used to declare a variable as a boolean type. It can hold True
and False values only.
3. break: Java break keyword is used to break loop or switch statement. It breaks the current flow
of the program at specified condition.
4. byte: Java byte keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold an 8-bit data values.
5. case: Java case keyword is used to with the switch statements to mark blocks of text.
6. catch: Java catch keyword is used to catch the exceptions generated by try statements. It must
be used after the try block only.
7. char: Java char keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold unsigned 16-bit Unicode 4
characters.
8.class: Java class keyword is used to declare a class.
9.continue: Java continue keyword is used to continue the loop. It continues the current flow of
the program and skips the remaining code at the specified condition.
10.default: Java default keyword is used to specify the default block of code in a switch
statement.
11.do: Java do keyword is used in control statement to declare a loop. It can iterate a part of the
program several times.
12.double: Java double keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 64-bit floating-point

numbers.
13.else: Java else keyword is used to indicate the alternative branches in an if statement.
14.enum: Java enum keyword is used to define a fixed set of constants. Enum constructors are
always private or default.
15.extends: Java extends keyword is used to indicate that a class is derived from another class
or interface.
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11.final: Java final keyword is used to indicate that a variable holds a constant value. It is applied
with a variable. It is used to restrict the user.
12.finally: Java finally keyword indicates a block of code in a try-catch structure. This block is
always executed whether exception is handled or not.
13.float: Java float keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 32-bit floating-point
number.
14for: Java for keyword is used to start a for loop. It is used to execute a set of instructions/functions
repeatedly when some conditions become true. If the number of iteration is fixed, it is
recommended to use for loop.
15 .if: Java if keyword tests the condition. It executes the if block if condition is true.
16 .implements: Java implements keyword is used to implement an interface.
17.import: Java import keyword makes classes and interfaces available and accessible to the current
source code.
18instanceof: Java instanceof keyword is used to test whether the object is an instance of the
specified class or implements an interface.
19 .int: Java int keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 32-bit signed integer.
20.interface: Java interface keyword is used to declare an interface. It can have only abstract
methods.
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26. long: Java long keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 64-bit integer.
27. native: Java native keyword is used to specify that a method is implemented in native code using JNI (Java
Native Interface).
28. new: Java new keyword is used to create new objects.
29. null: Java null keyword is used to indicate that a reference does not refer to anything. It removes the garbage
value.
30. package: Java package keyword is used to declare a Java package that includes the classes.
31. private: Java private keyword is an access modifier. It is used to indicate that a method or variable may be
accessed only in the class in which it is declared.
32. protected: Java protected keyword is an access modifier. It can be accessible within package and outside
the package but through inheritance only. It can't be applied on the class.
33. public: Java public keyword is an access modifier. It is used to indicate that an item is accessible
anywhere. It has the widest scope among all other modifiers.
34. return: Java return keyword is used to return from a method when its execution is complete.

35. short: Java short keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 16-bit integer.
36. static: Java static keyword is used to indicate that a variable or method is a class method. The static keyword
in Java is used for memory management mainly.
37. strictfp: Java strictfp is used to restrict the floating-point calculations to ensure portability.
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38. super: Java super keyword is a reference variable that is used to refer parent class object. It can be used to
invoke immediate parent class method.
39. switch: The Java switch keyword contains a switch statement that executes code based on test value. The switch
statement tests the equality of a variable against multiple values.
40. synchronized: Java synchronized keyword is used to specify the critical sections or methods in multithreaded
code.
41. this: Java this keyword can be used to refer the current object in a method or constructor.
42. throw: The Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception. The throw keyword is mainly used to
throw custom exception. It is followed by an instance.
43. throws: The Java throws keyword is used to declare an exception. Checked exception can be propagated with
throws.
44. transient: Java transient keyword is used in serialization. If you define any data member as transient, it will not be
serialized.
45. try: Java try keyword is used to start a block of code that will be tested for exceptions. The try block must be
followed by either catch or finally block.
46. void: Java void keyword is used to specify that a method does not have a return value.
47. volatile: Java volatile keyword is used to indicate that a variable may change asynchronously.
48. while: Java while keyword is used to start a while loop. This loop iterates a part of the program several times. If
the number of iteration is not fixed, it is recommended to use while loop. 8
Literals in Java
Literals is an identifier whose value is fixed and does not change during the execution of the program.

Types of Literals

Integer Literals
Integer Literals are numbers that has no fractional pars or exponent. It refers to the whole numbers. Integers always
begin with a digit or + or -.
We can specify integer constants in
• Decimal
• Octal
• Hexadecimal

Decimal Integer Literals

It consists of any combination of digits taken from the set 0 to 9.

Example:
int a = 100; //Decimal Constant
int b = -145 // A negative decimal constant
int c = 065 // Leading zero specifies octal constant, not decimal
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Octal Integer Literals

It consists of any combination of digits taken from the set 0 to 7. However the first digit must be 0, in order to identify
the constant as octal number.

Example:
int a = 0374; //Octal Constant
int b = 097; // Error: 9 is not an octal digit.

Hexadecimal Integer Literals

A Sequence of digits begin the specification with 0X or 0X, shadowed by a system of digits in the range 0 to 9 and A
(a) to F(f).
Example:
int a = 0x34;
int b = -0XABF;

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Floating-point Literals
Floating-point Literals are also called as real constants. The Floating Point contains decimal points and can contain
exponents. They are used to represent values that will have a fractional part and can be represented in two forms –
fractional form and exponent form.
In the fractional form, the fractional number contains the integer part and fractional part. A dot (.) is used to separate
the integer part and fractional part.
Example:
float x = 2.7f;
In the exponential form, the fractional number contains constants a mantissa and exponent. Mantissa contains the
value of the number and the exponent contains the magnitude of the number. The exponent, if any present,
specifies the magnitude of the number as a power of 10.
Character Literals
Character Literals are specified as single character enclosed in pair of single quotation marks. Single character
constants are internally represented as ASCII codes.
String Literals
String Literals are treated as an array of char. By default, the compiler adds a special character called the ‘null
character’ (‘\0’) at the end of the string to mark the end of the string.

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Example:
String str = “good morning”;

Boolean literals
There are two Boolean literals
• true represents a true Boolean value
• false represents a false Boolean value

Escape sequences

Escape characters (also called escape sequences or escape codes) in general are used to signal an alternative
interpretation of a series of characters. In Java, a character preceded by a backslash (\) is an escape sequence and
has special meaning to the java compiler.
When an escape sequence is encountered in a print statement, the compiler interprets it accordingly. For example, if
you want to put quotes within quotes you must use the escape sequence, \", on the interior quotes. To print the
sentence: She said "Hello!" to me. you should write:
System.out.println("She said \"Hello!\" to me.");

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Escape sequences available in java are:
\t - Insert a tab in the text at this point.
\b - Insert a backspace in the text at this point.
\n - Insert a newline in the text at this point.
\r - Insert a carriage return in the text at this point.
\f - Insert a formfeed in the text at this point.
\' - Insert a single quote character in the text at this point.
\" - Insert a double quote character in the text at this point.
\\ - Insert a backslash character in the text at this point.

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Java Variables - Dynamic Initialization

Initialization is the process of providing value to a variable at declaration time. A variable is initialized once in its life
time. Any attempt of setting a variable's value after its declaration is called assignment. To use a local variable you
have to either initialize or assign it before the variable is first used. But for class members, the compulsion is not so
strict. If you don't initialize them then compiler takes care of the initialization process and set class members to
default values.

Java allows its programmers to initialize a variable at run time also. Initializing a variable at run time is called
dynamic initialization. The following piece of code (DynamicInitializationDemo.java) demonstrates it.

/* DynamicInitializationDemo.java */
public class DynamicInitializationDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//dynSqrt will be initialized when Math.sqrt
//will be executed at run time
double dynSqrt = Math.sqrt (16);
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 System.out.println("sqrt of 16 is : " + dynSqrt);
}
}

OUTPUT
======
sqrt of 16 is : 4.0

Other functions
abs(), ceil(), exp(), pow(a,b)

 identifier
 Identifiers in Java. A Java identifier is the symbolic name that is used for identification purpose. In Java, an identifier can be a
variable name, constant name, method name, class name, array name, packages name or an interface
For example : int score = 100;

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Here, the score is a variable (an identifier)
 
Rules when defining Java Identifiers
The rules for naming identifiers are the same as the rules for naming variables & class.

• An identifier is a sequence of characters that may consist of letters (A-Z, a-z) digits (0-9), an underscore character ( _ ) or
The dollar sign $.

• An identifier can be one to several characters long.

• An identifier that cannot be used as a variable name is a reserved word.

• An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore or a dollar sign.

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• An identifier cannot start with a digit and must not contain any spaces or tabs.

•An identifier cannot be any of the Java keywords.

• Identifiers are case sensitive, so count, and Count is distinct identifiers.

• An identifier cannot be a true, false or null.

• It is good programming practice to use the identifier names that reflect the meaning of the programming element being
used.
• Java is case sensitive. Not using the proper uppercase and lowercase letters for an identifier causes a compilation error
typically.

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Thank you

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