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Qualitative Interviewing Methods

The document provides an overview of various qualitative research methods used for interviewing and data collection, including structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interviews. It discusses steps in the interview process like obtaining informed consent and properly briefing participants. Additionally, it covers topics like validity, reliability, ethnography, focus groups, content analysis, and coding/categorizing qualitative data. The overall purpose is to systematically explore different approaches for conducting interviews and analyzing qualitative data.

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HAIQA SHOAIB DINAR
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19 views16 pages

Qualitative Interviewing Methods

The document provides an overview of various qualitative research methods used for interviewing and data collection, including structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interviews. It discusses steps in the interview process like obtaining informed consent and properly briefing participants. Additionally, it covers topics like validity, reliability, ethnography, focus groups, content analysis, and coding/categorizing qualitative data. The overall purpose is to systematically explore different approaches for conducting interviews and analyzing qualitative data.

Uploaded by

HAIQA SHOAIB DINAR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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QUALITATIVE &

INTERVIEWING
METHODS
INTERVIEW
✖  A meeting at which information is obtained (as by a reporter, television
commentator, or pollster) from a person
✖ Interview in research?
✖ Interview as a research method?
✖ A very systematic approach to data collection, analysis and description that allows
you to maximize the chances of achieving meaningful, valid and reliable
conclusions.
USE OF INTERVIEW IN
RESEARCH
✖ Any stage
✖ initial phases to identify areas or issues for more detailed exploration
✖ They can be used as part of the piloting and validation of other instruments.
✖ They can be used as the main vehicle of data collection.
✖ They can be used once findings have been compiled to check whether your
interpretations of other types of data make sense to the participants who were
involved.
✖ Individual or group?
STRUCTURE
✖ Informed consent
✖ Appropriate briefing to participant
✖ Form of questions and responses
✖ Structured – unstructured
TYPES of INTERVIEW
✖ Fully structured (easily quantified)
✖ Partially/semi-structured (precise yet not fixed)
✖ Unstructured
✖ Sequence of questions is important
✖ Concluding the interview
STEPS IN INTERVIEW
✖ Explanation should be clearly understood by the participants
✖ Comprehension of the questions which might be new to participants
✖ Make amendments on the bases of findings in step 1 and 2
✖ Revise explanation for comprehension
✖ Redo it with a new sub-sample
MEDIUM OF INTERVIEW
✖ Telephonic
✖ Face to face
✖ Email
✖ Mail
✖ Computer assisted
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
✖ Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure (whether the results can be
reproduced under the same conditions).

✖ Validity refers to the accuracy of a measure (whether the results really do


represent what they are supposed to measure).
Action Research & Case Study
✖ Action research is conducted in order to solve a particular issue
immediately, while case studies are often conducted over a longer
period of time and focus more on observing and analyzing a
particular ongoing phenomenon.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
✖ Experimental design means planning a set of procedures to investigate a
relationship between variables. To design a controlled experiment, you need:
✖ A testable hypothesis
✖ At least one independent variable that can be precisely manipulated
✖ At least one dependent variable that can be precisely measured

When designing the experiment, you decide:


✖ How you will manipulate the variable(s)
✖ How you will control for any potential confounding variables
✖ How many subjects or samples will be included in the study
✖ How subjects will be assigned to treatment levels
Ethnography
✖ Ethnography is the method of choice when a researcher decides to study the
participants within their natural environment.
✖ Therefore, a study examining the communication patterns of college wrestlers
would involve extensive interaction with a college wrestling team.
✖ Traditional ethnography concerns a researcher or group of researchers studying
the activities of a specific group or culture.
IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWING
✖ In-depth interviewing is a qualitative method that fully situates the interviewee in
the role of providing information to the interviewer.
✖ According to Lindlof and Taylor (2002), an interview is “an event in which one
person (the interviewer) encourages others to freely articulate their interests and
experiences” (p. 170).
Interview goals and characteristics.
✖ Qualitative research is inherently subjective.
✖ Qualitative research relies on its participants sharing their subjective
understanding of certain experiences.
✖ Interviewing allows research participants to share their unique perspectives.
✖ Therefore, a primary goal of interviewing is for the research participant to answer
the questions of the researcher.
FOCUS GROUP INTERVIEWING.
✖ The fundamental difference between interviewing and focus group interviewing is
that focus group interviewing is designed to allow multiple participants to interact
with one another.
Content Analysis
✖ There is a variety of methods to conduct qualitative data analysis. Some are more
complex, others more accessible, but it is helpful to remember that at their
essence, the meaning making process for all of them is to look for patterns --
themes and patterns among the themes by “comparing and contrasting parts of
the data” in a series of steps (Keyton, 2011, p. 62).
✖ Thus, before reviewing specific types of qualitative methods, we are able to
identify basic steps common to all of the methods.
✖ Data Immersion: Get to know your entire data set closely. This includes the
participants’ contributions as well as your field notes during data collection.
✖ Data Management: This step is vital to making meaning of the data. And it is one
you will do over and over, each time tweaking it a bit better to fit what you think
the participants were saying or doing.
✖ You the researcher, must organize your data into categories or themes so that you
can get a handle on the data -- work with it more effectively and begin to see what
it means.
TIPS FOR CODING AND
CATEGORIZING DATA:
✖ Ask yourself a set of questions for each piece of data:
✖ What is this? What does it represent?
✖ What is this an example of?
✖ What do I see going on here? What are people doing? What is happening? What
kind of events are at issue here?
✖ Other questions to help determine how to organize the data:
✖ If something exists, what are its types?
✖ How often does something occur?
✖ How big, strong, or intense is something?
✖ Is there a process, a cycle, or phases to the topic of study?
✖ Does one thing influence another?
✖ Do people use the interaction in specific ways?
✖ 3. Data Reduction: If the data set is relatively small or the initial categories seem
particularly salient, the researcher may not need to proceed to this step of refining
the focus of analysis.
✖ 4. Conceptual Development: The analysis process would not be very meaningful if
the researcher stopped after creating a list of categories.
✖ The researcher now needs to determine what meaning to make of the list.
✖ In this step the researcher attempts to integrate the categories to consider what
they mean when examined together.

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