Chapter 2 Atoms Ions-Eidted
Chapter 2 Atoms Ions-Eidted
Chapter 2 Atoms Ions-Eidted
Chapter 2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
1. Elements are composed of extremely small particles
called atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the
same size, mass and chemical properties. The atoms of
one element are different from the atoms of all other
elements.
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one
element. In any compound, the ratio of the numbers of
atoms of any two of the elements present is either an
integer or a simple fraction.
4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation,
combination, or rearrangement of atoms; it does not
result in their creation or destruction.
2.1
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
If two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one
element that combine with the fixed mass of other element are in ratios of small
whole numbers 2.1
16 X + 8Y 8 X2Y
2.1
J.J. Thomson measured the mass to charge ratio of the electron.
(1906 Nobel Prize in Physics) 2.2
Cathode Ray Tube
2.2
Cathode Ray Tube
Measured mass of e-
(1923 Nobel Prize in Physics)
An X-ray beam
dislodges an electron
from air molecules
which becomes
attached to an oil
droplet.
+ 9Be 1
n + 12C + energy
Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number
12 13 14
6C 6C 6C
235 238
92 U 92 U
2.3
The Isotopes of Hydrogen
2.3
Do You Understand Isotopes?
14
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 6 C ?
11
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 6 C ?
2.3
Noble Gas
2.4
Halogen
Group
Period
Alkali Earth Metal
Alkali Metal
A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a
definite arrangement held together by covalent bonds.
2.5
An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net
positive or negative charge.
Cation: ion with a positive charge
• If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons
it becomes a cation.
11 protons 11 protons
Na 11 electrons Na +
10 electrons
2.5
Do You Understand Ions?
27 3+
How many protons and electrons are in 13 Al ?
13 protons, 13 – 3 = 10 electrons
78 2–
How many protons and electrons are in 34 Se ?
34 protons, 34 + 2 = 36 electrons
2.5
Common Monatomic Cations
2.5
A molecule is an aggregate of at
least two atoms in a definite
arrangement held together by
chemical forces.
Grupo 8A Noble Gases He, Ne, Ar,
Kr, Xe, and Rn) exist in single atoms
and called monoatomics.
Diatomic molecules: contains only
two atoms H2, N2, O2 , F2, Cl2 ,Br2 an
I2.
Molecules that contains more than
two atoms are polyatomic. O3, H2O,
NH3
2.6
A molecular formula shows the exact number of
atoms of each element in a molecule of the
substance.
molecular empirical
H2O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O
O3 O
N2H4 NH2
2.6
ionic compounds consist of a combination of cations
and anions.
• the formula is always the same as the empirical formula
• the sum of the charges on the cation(s) and anion(s) in each
formula unit must equal zero
The ionic compound NaCl. Na+ to Cl– ratio = 1 to 1
2.6
Formula of Ionic Compounds
2 x +3 = +6 3 x –2 = –6
Al2O3
Al3+ O2–
1 x +2 = +2 2 x –1 = –2
CaBr2
Ca2+ Br –
2 x +1 = +2 1 x –2 = –2
Na2CO3
Na+ CO32–
2.6
Monatomic negative ion names end in “ide.”
2.7
2.7
Chemical Nomenclature
Ionic Compounds
• often a metal + nonmetal
2.7
Transition metal ionic compounds
• Indicate the charge on the metal with Roman
numerals (the Stock naming system).
• Common names use the “ic” and “ous” endings.
2.7
Molecular compounds
2.7
Molecular Compounds
HI hydrogen iodide
2.7
An acid can be defined as a substance that yields
hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
• Pure substance, hydrogen chloride, HCl (g).
• Dissolve in water yields H+ and Cl– ions,
hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq).
2.7
Hydrates are compounds that have a specific
number of water molecules attached to them.
BaCl2•2H2O barium chloride dihydrate
CuSO4•5H2O CuSO4
2.7
Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that
deals with carbon compounds
Functional Groups
H H H O
H C OH H C NH2 H C C OH
H H H
methanol methylamine acetic acid
2.7
Chapter 2 Homework/Classwork
• Read p. 71-75
• Do # 1, 2, 5, 7, 8,14,15,16,17, 20,24, 26, 32,
34, 36, 38, 44, 46, 50,51, 52, 56,58, 60, 62, 66,
68, 69, 71, 78, 80