Presentation Mohsin Raza

TOPIC NAM E:
QUANTITATIVE AND QUAL ITATIVE RES EARCH

APP ROACHES
• Name: Mohsin Raza

• Roll no :335
• Submitted To: Dr nasar bhalli
• Government graduate college gojra
INTRODUCTION:
Quantitative research:
is expressed in numbers and graphs. It is used to test or
confirm theories and assumptions. This type of research can be used to establish
generalizable facts about a topic.
Common quantitative methods include experiments, observations recorded as
numbers, and surveys with closed-ended questions.
Quantitative research is at risk for research biases including information bias,
omitted variable bias, sampling bias, or selection bias.
CONTI ....
• Qualitative research:
• is expressed in words. It is used to understand concepts,
thoughts or experiences. This type of research enables you to gather in-depth insights
on topics that are not well understood.
• Common qualitative methods include interviews with open-ended questions,
observations described in words, and literature reviews that explore concepts and
theories.
•
Qualitative research is also at risk for certain research biases including the Hawthorne
effect, observer bias, recall bias, and social desirability bias.
QUANTITATIVE DATA COLLECTION
METHODS:
Surveys:
List of closed or multiple choice questions that is distributed to a sample
(online, in person, or over the phone).
Experiments:
Situation in which different types of variables are controlled and
manipulated to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
Observations:
Observing subjects in a natural environment where variables can’t
be controlled.
QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION METHODS:
Interviews:
Asking open-ended questions verbally to respondents.
Focus groups:
Discussion among a group of people about a topic to gather opinions that can be
used for further research.
Ethnography:
Participating in a community or organization for an extended period of time to
closely observe culture and behavior.
Literature review:
Survey of published works by other authors.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
APPROACH:
You survey 300 students at your university and ask them questions such as: “on a scale from 1-5,
how satisfied are your with your professors?”
You can perform statistical analysis on the data and draw conclusions such as: “on average students
rated their professors 4.4”.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROCH:
You conduct in-depth interviews with 15 students and ask them open-ended questions such as:
“How satisfied are you with your studies?”, “What is the most positive aspect of your study
program?” and “What can be done to improve the study program?”
Based on the answers you get you can ask follow-up questions to clarify things. You transcribe all
interviews using transcription software and try to find commonalities and patterns.
WHEN TO USE QUALITATIVE VS.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:
A rule of thumb for deciding whether to use qualitative or quantitative data is:
Use quantitative research if you want to confirm or test something (a theory or
hypothesis)
• Use qualitative research if you want to understand something (concepts,
thoughts, experiences)
HOW TO ANALYZE QUALITATIVE
AND QUANTITATIVE DATA:
• Quantitative data:
• is based on numbers. Simple math or more advanced statistical
analysis is used to discover commonalities or patterns in the data. The results are
often reported in graphs and tables.
• Applications such as Excel, SPSS, or R can be used to calculate things like:
• Average scores (means)
• The number of times a particular answer was given
• The correlation or causation between two or more variables
The reliability and validity of the results
ANALYZING QUALITATIVE DATA:
Qualitative data is more difficult to analyze than quantitative data. It consists of

text, images or videos instead of numbers.
Some common approaches to analyzing qualitative data include:
Qualitative content analysis: Tracking the occurrence, position and meaning of
words or phrases
Thematic analysis: Closely examining the data to identify the main themes and
patterns
• Discourse analysis: Studying how communication works in social contexts.
MIXED METHOD APPROCH:
You conduct interviews to find out how satisfied students are with their studies.
Through open-ended questions you learn things you never thought about before
and gain new insights. Later, you use a survey to test these insights on a larger
scale.
It’s also possible to start with a survey to find out the overall trends, followed by
interviews to better understand the reasons behind the trends.
CONTI...
• For most research topics you can choose a qualitative, quantitative or mixed
methods approach. Which type you choose depends on, among other things,
whether you’re taking an inductive vs. Deductive research approach; your
research question(s); whether you’re doing experimental, correlational, or
descriptive research; and practical considerations such as time, money,
availability of data, and access to respondents.

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TOPIC NAM E:

QUANTITATIVE AND QUAL ITATIVE RES EARCH

• Name: Mohsin Raza

Qualitative data is more difficult to analyze than quantitative data. It consists of

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