ANATOMY

B.SC NURSING FIRST YEAR

 UNIT 1 : INTRODUCTION TO THE CONCEPT OF ANANTOMY

• SHORT ESSAY
• 1. CLASSIFY CONNECTIVE TISSUE

ANS ; Connective tissues are classified into four classes: BLOOD, BONE, CARTILAGE, CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER.
Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body. 
Q. CLASSIFY EPITHELIUM WITH EXAMPLE FOR EACH . DESCRIBE IN DETAIL THE STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHE
WITH DIAGRAM

A stratified squamous epithelium consists of squamous

(flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a
basal membrane. Only one layer is in contact with the
basement membrane; the other layers adhere to one
another to maintain structural integrity. ... In the deeper
layers, the cells may be columnar or cuboidal.
 Q, EXPLAIN THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF A HUMAN CELL

A cell consists of three parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and, between the two, the cytoplasm. Within the cytoplasm
lie intricate arrangements of fine fibers and hundreds or even thousands of miniscule but distinct structures called organelles

• What are the structures of the cell?

The cell structure comprises individual components with specific functions essential to carry out life's processes. These
components include- cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell organelles.
Q, EXPLAIN IN DETAIL CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES

• Connective tissue is classified into two subtypes: soft and specialized connective tissue. ... Connective tissues can have
various levels of vascularity. Cartilage is avascular, while dense connective tissue is poorly vascularized. Others, such as
bone, are richly supplied with blood vessels.
• Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body. ... Connective tissue is made
up of cells, fibers, and a gel-like substance. Types of connective tissue include bone, cartilage, fat, blood, and lymphatic
tissue
Q, DESCRIBE IN DETAIL THE STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM WITH DIAGRAM

• A stratified squamous epithelium consists of squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers
upon a basal membrane. Only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane; the other layers
adhere to one another to maintain structural integrity. ... In the deeper layers, the cells may be columnar
or cuboidal.
• Stratified squamous epithelium is a type of tissue found covering and lining parts of the body. In this
tissue, cells are flattened, joined tightly together, and stacked. The major function of this tissue type
is protection, as it is found in areas that undergo wear-and-tear.
• (FIGURE NERATHE ADD CHEYITHITUND ORU QUESTIONIL)

Q, DRAW THE LABELED DIAGRAM OF TYPICAL CELL

 Q, DESCRIBE TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM WITH A LABELED DIAGRAM WITH AN EXAMPLE

• Transitional epithelium is a type of tissue that changes shape in response to stretching (stretchable epithelium). ...
Transitional epithelium lines the organs of the urinary system and is known here as urothelium.
• The bladder for example has a need for great distension.
8.Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium with a diagram

• Pseudostratified columnar epithelia are tissues formed by a single layer of cells that give the appearance of being made
from multiple layers, especially when seen in cross section. The nuclei of these epithelial cells are at different levels
leading to the illusion of being stratifyed.
SHORT ANSWERS
1.Structure of cell

ANS , A cell consists of three parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and, between the two, the cytoplasm. Within the
cytoplasm lie intricate arrangements of fine fibers and hundreds or even thousands of miniscule but distinct structures
called organelles .
• 2.Classification of tissues

ANS , There are 4 basic types of tissue: connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue .
3.Characteristics of tissues
• Epithelium covers the body surface and lines body cavities.
• Muscle provides movement.
• Connective tissue supports and protects body organs.
• Nervous tissue provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses.
4.Simple squamous epithelium
simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of flat scale-shaped cells. Both the endothelial lining of blood vessels and the
mesothelial lining of the body cavities are simple squamous epithelium.
5.Types of connective tissue
connective tissues include fibrous, elastic, and lymphoid connective tissues. Fibroareolar tissue is a mix of
fibrous and areolar tissue .
5.Histology of cartilage
Cartilage is a connective tissue structure that is composed of a collagen and proteoglycan-rich matrix and a single
cell type: the chondrocyte. Cartilage is unique among connective tissues in that it lacks blood vessels and nerves
and receives its nutrition solely by diffusion 
7.Parts of Mitochondria
 UNIT2:THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
SHORTESSAY
1.Classify the bones with examples.Describe the histology of compact bone.
What is the histology of compact
and spongy bone?
Compact bone tissue is
composed of osteons and
forms the external layer of all
bones. Spongy bone tissue is
composed of trabeculae and
forms the inner part of all bones.
Four types of cells compose
bony tissue: osteocytes,
osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor
cells, and osteoblasts.
2.Classify synovial joints with examples
3.Describe shoulder joint in detail
Shoulder joint: The flexible ball-and-
socket joint formed by the junction
of the humerus and the scapula.
This joint is cushioned by cartilage
that covers the face of the glenoid
socket and head of the humerus. ...
Ligaments connect the bones of the
shoulder, and tendons join these
bones to surrounding muscles

4.Classify joints joints and explain humerus

humerus, long bone of the upper
limb or forelimb of land
The six types of freely movable joint include ball vertebrates that forms the shoulder
and socket, saddle, hinge, condyloid, pivot joint above, where it articulates with a
and gliding. Common causes of joint pain lateral depression of the shoulder
include inflammation (pain and swelling), blade (glenoid cavity of scapula), and
infection and injury. the elbow joint below, where it
articulates with projections of the ulna
and the radius.
 5.Describe knee joint under following headings
a)Type and articular surfaces
b)Arterial supply

The knee joint is essentially made up of three bones: The thigh bone (femur), the
shinbone (tibia), and the kneecap (patella). The joint head on the femur has two
strong bony projections, the condyles, which are covered with articular cartilage. The
articular surface of the tibia is called the tibial plateau.

There are two types: primary cartilaginous joints composed of hyaline cartilage,
and secondary cartilaginous joints composed of hyaline cartilage covering the articular
surfaces of the involved bones with fibrocartilage connecting them. ... facet joint – joint
between two articular processes between two vertebrae.

the articular surfaces of the knee joint are the medial and lateral femoral
condyles; the patellar surface of the femur between these two condyles; the
articular surface of the patella, which is a plateau with a anteroposterior ridge that fits
into the patellar surface known as the trochlear groove; 
 6.What is patella? Mention its Importance
The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body and is located anterior to
knee joint within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle, providing an
attachment point for both the quadriceps tendon and the patellar ligament

The primary function of the patella is during knee extension. ... The patella also functions
to allow for smooth movement of the knee in flexion and extension, and also protects the
anterior surface of the knee joint.

SHORTANSWERS
1.Name the carpel bones
 2.Name the bones forming the shoulder joint

The shoulder is made up of three

bones: the scapula (shoulder blade),
clavicle (collarbone) and humerus (upper
arm bone). Two joints in the shoulder allow
it to move: the acromioclavicular joint,
where the highest point of the scapula
(acromion) meets the clavicle, and the
glenohumeral joint.

3.Name the bones forming elbow joint

Anatomy of the Elbow. The elbow is a complex joint formed by the articulation
of three bones –the humerus, radius and ulna.

4.List the tarsal bones

The tarsal bones are 7 in number. They are named the calcaneus, talus, cuboid,
navicular, and the medial, middle, and lateral cuneiforms.
5.Name any 4 cranial bones 6.Arterial supply of hip joint
Cranial Bones The arterial supply to the hip joint is largely via
•Parietal (2) the medial and lateral circumflex femoral
•Temporal (2) arteries – branches of the profunda femoris artery
•Frontal (1) (deep femoral artery). They anastomose at the
•Occipital (1) base of the femoral neck to form a ring, from
•Ethmoid (1) which smaller arteries arise to supply the hip joint
•Sphenoid (1) itself.

7.Name the parts of sternum

The sternum is divided anatomically into three segments: manubrium, body, and xiphoid
process. The sternum connects the ribs via the costal cartilages forming the anterior rib
cage.

8.List 4 features of lumbar vertrbrae Muscles causing pronation and supination

The main distinguishing feature of the lumbar vertebrae is the orientation of the facets on
the superior and inferior articular processes. The facets on the superior articular
processes face medially and posteriorly, and the facets on the inferior articular processes fa
laterally and anteriorly.
 9.Define the two types of skeleton
These bones can be grouped in two divisions: axial skeleton and appendicular
skeleton. ... They include the bones of the head, vertebral column, ribs and breastbone or
sternum. The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones and includes the free
appendages and their attachments to the axial skeleton.
10.List any two differences between fetal and
adult skull
What is the difference between the fetal and
adult skull skeleton?
The neurocranium compared to an
adult's is more oval and is substantially
bigger than the facial cranium. The
newborn's skull has four “horns” two in the
front on the frontal bone and two in the back
on the parietal bone. ... The adult's skull is
more circular and the nose, eyes, and mouth
are father apart.

11.Clavicle

The clavicle is a sigmoid-shaped long bone with a convex surface along its medial end
when observed from cephalad position. It serves as a connection between the axial and
appendicular skeleton in conjunction with the scapula, and each of these structures forms
the pectoral girdle
 12.Bones of the lower limb
The lower limb contains 30 bones. These are
the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones,
metatarsal bones, and phalanges (see Figure 6.51).
The femur is the single bone of the thigh. The patella is
the kneecap and articulates with the distal femur.

13.Draw a labeled diagram of synovial joint

14.Name the parts of hip bone.

The hip bone is formed by three parts: the ilium,
ischium, and pubis.
 15.Parts of developing long bones. 16.List the bones of the upper limb.
In this section, learn more about the anatomy of
the bones of the upper limb – the clavicle,
scapula, humerus, radius, ulna and hand
bones.

List five major parts of a long bone. Epiphysis, diaphysis,

periosteum, yellow marrow, medullary cavity, compact
bone, spongy bone, articular cartilage.
 UNIT III What are the 4 main muscles of mastication?
Muscles
MUSCULAR SYSTEM •Temporalis Muscle.
•Medial Pterygoid.
SHORTESSAY •Lateral Pterygoid.
•Masseter.
1.Muscles of mastication •Accessory Muscles of Mastication.
The muscles of mastication are a group of muscles that consist of the temporalis, masseter, 
medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid muscles. The temporalis muscle is situated in the 
temporal fossa, the masseter muscle in the cheek area, while the medial and lateral pterygoids lie
in the infratemporal fossa.
The masticatory muscles attach to the mandible, and thus produce movements of the lower jaw
at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) to enable functions such as chewing and grinding. These
movements include:
•Protrusion (protraction), which moves the mandible forwards.
•Retraction, which pulls the mandible backwards.
•Elevation, which elevates the mandible and closes the mouth.
•Depression, which depresses the mandible and opens the mouth.
•Rotation, which produces side-to-side movements of the mandible.
•The primary muscles include: Masseter. Temporalis. Lateral pterygoid. Medial pterygoid.
•The secondary or accessory muscles are: Buccinator. Suprahyoid muscles (digastric
muscle, mylohyoid muscle, and geniohyoid muscle) Infrahyoid muscles (the sternohyoid,
sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, and omohyoid muscle)
2.Describe rectus sheath and rectus abdominal muscle The rectus sheath is a
tendon sheath
(aponeurosis)
which encloses the
rectus abdominis and
pyramidalis muscles. It
is an extension of the
tendons of the external
abdominal oblique,
internal abdominal
oblique, and transversus
abdominis muscles.

3.Sternocleidomastoid muscle
The sternocleidomastoid muscle is one of the largest and most superficial cervical muscles. The
primary actions of the muscle are rotation of the head to the opposite side and flexion of the neck. The
sternocleidomastoid is innervated by the accessory nerve.
Function. Rotation of the head to the opposite side or obliquely rotate the head. It also flexes the neck. When
acting together it flexes the neck and extends the head.

Definition of Sternocleidomastoid Syndrome

An acute or chronic condition of neck stiffness with decreased mobility (especially
rotation), sometimes accompanied by neck pain or pain in body areas distant from the
neck (eyes, temples, throat, ears, nose, shoulders...), nausea, tinnitus, vertigo and
torticollis.
4.Deltoid muscle

What are the 3 deltoid muscles?

The deltoid muscles have three parts, or
heads:
•Anterior deltoids: The front delts that help
move your arm forward. They connect to your
clavicle. ...
•Lateral deltoids: Side delts that help move
your arm out to the side, as well as up and
down. ...
•Posterior deltoids: Rear delts that help move
your arm backward.

What is the deltoid muscle used for?

The deltoid is responsible for elevating the arm in the scapular plane and its
contraction in doing this also elevates the humeral head.

 thick triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint and used for raising the arm away
from the body.
•each of the three parts of a deltoid muscle, attached at the front, side, and rear of
the shoulder.
 5.Trapezius muscle
either of a pair of large triangular
muscles extending over the back of the
neck and shoulders and moving the head
and shoulder blade.

he function of the trapezius is to stabilize

and move the scapula. The upper fibers
can elevate and upwardly rotate the scapula
and extend the neck. The middle fibers
adduct (retract) the scapula. The lower
fibers depress and aid the upper fibers in
upwardly rotating the scapula.

6.Gluteus maximus muscle

The gluteus maximus is the
main extensor muscle of
the hip. It is the largest and
outermost of the three gluteal
muscles and makes up a
large part of the shape and
appearance of each side of
the hips. Its thick fleshy mass,
in a quadrilateral shape,
forms the prominence of the
buttocks.
 7.Biceps brachii muscle
The biceps or biceps brachii (Latin: musculus biceps brachii, "two-headed
muscle of the arm") is a large muscle that lies on the front of the upper arm
between the shoulder and the elbow. Both heads of the muscle arise on the
scapula and join to form a single muscle belly which is attached to the upper
forearm.

The brachialis is an important flexor of the forearm at the elbow. [1] The
brachialis provides flexion of the elbow at all physiologic
positions and is considered a "purse flexor" of the forearm at the elbow

8.Name muscles of gluteal region.Describe gluteus maximus in detail

The gluteal muscles, often called glutes are a Gluteus Maximus the largest and heaviest
group of three muscles which make up the muscle in the body. It is the most superficial of
gluteal region commonly known as the buttocks: all gluteal muscles that are located at the
the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and posterior aspect of the hip joint. ... It now
gluteus minimus. functions to maintain the erect posture as one of
the muscles that extends the hip joint.

 gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, and gluteus maximus

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 SHORTANSWERS
1.Name the muscles of mastication 2.Name any 4 bones of pelvis

•The primary muscles include: Masseter. Temporalis.

Lateral pterygoid. Medial pterygoid.
•The secondary or accessory muscles are: Buccinator.
Suprahyoid muscles (digastric muscle, mylohyoid muscle,
and geniohyoid muscle) Infrahyoid muscles (the
sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, and omohyoid
muscle)

3.Name 2 pectoral muscles and give its nerve supply

 pectoralis major and pectoralis minor. 4.Name 2 muscles of forearm

The pectoralis major receives dual motor innervation

by the medial pectoral nerve and the lateral
pectoral nerve, also known as the lateral anterior
thoracic nerve. The sternal head receives
innervation from the C7, C8 and T1 nerve roots, via
the lower trunk of the brachial plexus and the medial
pectoral nerve.
The clavicular head of the pectoralis major and
the anteromedial part of the sternal head of the
muscle are supplied by the lateral pectoral
nerve which originates from the lateral cord of the
brachial plexus.
5.Name the muscles of back of the thigh 6.Name the contents of femoral triangle

Three muscles run down the back of your

leg, from your thigh to your knee — the
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and
semimembranosus — and help you bend
your knee and extend your hip. As a group,
they are known as the hamstring.

7.Name 4 hamstring muscles

The hamstrings are a group of four

muscles: long head of the biceps femoris,
short head of the biceps femoris,
semitendinosus, and semimembranosus.
Each hamstring crosses two joints—the hip
and the knee.
8.Name 4 parts of quadriceps femoris muscles 9.Name 4 muscles in the gluteal region
quadriceps femoris muscle, large fleshy The muscles in this region move the lower
muscle group covering the front and limb at the hip joint. The muscles of the
sides of the thigh. It has four gluteal region can be broadly divided into two
parts: rectus femoris, vastus groups: Superficial abductors and extenders
lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus - group of large muscles that abduct and
intermedius. extend the femur. Includes the gluteus
maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus
10.Femoral hernia minimus and tensor fascia lata.
A femoral hernia is an uncommon type
of hernia. Femoral hernias sometimes
11.Mention the contents of cubital fossa
appear as a painful lump in the inner
upper part of the thigh or groin. The lump The contents of the cubital fossa
can often be pushed back in or include the median nerve, radial nerve,
disappears when you lie down. Coughing brachial artery and biceps tendon
or straining may make the lump appear.
12.Mention the contents of popliteal fossa
These include the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve, the popliteal vessels and
short saphenous vein. ... Several muscles of the thigh and leg form the boundaries of the
popliteal fossa. They include the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris,
gastrocnemius and popliteus muscles.
Contents: Nerves: tibial, common fibular, sural, ...
Borders: Superomedial: semimembranosus
 13.List the type of muscles.
•Skeletal muscle – the specialised tissue 14.Muscles used for intramuscular injections.
that is attached to bones and allows The sites most commonly used for IM
movement. ... injection are the deltoid, dorsogluteal,
•Smooth muscle – located in various rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and
internal structures including the digestive ventrogluteal muscles. The choice of a
tract, uterus and blood vessels such as site depends on the volume to be injected.
arteries. ...
•Cardiac muscle – the muscle specific to
the heart.
15.Origin,insertion and nerve supply of deltoid muscle.
The muscle has a wide origin spanning the clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula.
...
Deltoid muscle.
nerve supplies deltoid muscle?
Origins Lateral 1/3 of Clavicle The anterior branch of the
(clavicular part), Acromion axillary nerve winds round the
(acromial part), Spine of
Scapula (spinal part) humerus deep to the deltoid
Mnemonic: 'Deltoid helps you muscle, and also innervates the
carry SACS' muscle at this point. The posterior
branch of the axillary nerve
innervates the teres minor and
Insertion Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
also the deltoid.
Innervation Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
16.Mention the differences between skeletal and smooth muscle
Skeletal Muscles  Smooth Muscles 

They are attached to the bones. They line up the visceral organs viz. Intestines,
blood vessels, pupils, etc.

They perform voluntary actions. They are responsible for involuntary reflexes and
actions.

They are well striated. They lack striation. 

Innervated by Peripheral Nervous System i.e. Innervated by Sympathetic and parasympathetic

PNS. nervous systems.

Help perform movements i.e walking, running, Responsible for vital body functions i.e.
jumping, writing, etc.  breathing, digestion, urine formation, etc.

Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine or
Calcium is the most vital substance in the process Norepinephrine play important role in smooth
of skeletal muscle contraction.  muscle contraction.

Types of Skeletal Muscles are Red and White. Types of Smooth Muscles are Single-unit, Multi-
unit, eg. Ciliary muscles.

They contain actin and myosin filaments. The They also contain actin and myosin filaments, The
ratio of actin & myosin is 2:1.  ratio of actin and myosin is 10:1. 

Troponin is present in skeletal muscles that are

Ca-binding proteins responsible for muscle Calmodulin is present in smooth muscles that are
contraction.  Ca-binding proteins responsible for muscle
contraction.
 UNIT IV
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
SHORTESSAY

1.Name the parts of central nervous system and

describe the cerebral hemisphere
The central nervous system (CNS) controls
most functions of the body and mind. It
consists of two parts: the brain and the
spinal cord. The brain is the center of our
thoughts, the interpreter of our external
environment, and the origin of control over
body movement.

The brain and the spinal cord are the

central nervous system, and they
represent the main organs of the
nervous system. The spinal cord is a
single structure, whereas the adult
brain is described in terms of four
major regions: the cerebrum, the
diencephalon, the brain stem, and
the cerebellum.
describe the cerebral hemisphere

One half of the cerebrum, the part of the

brain that controls muscle functions and also
controls speech, thought, emotions, reading,
writing, and learning.

the largest regions of the cerebellum, the

cerebellar hemispheres are two divisions of
the cerebellum on either side of the
vermis. They are functionally subdivided into
lateral and medial portions. See
spinocerebellum and cerebrocerebellum
2.Name the various lobes of cerebrum.Describe various functional areas of cerebrum
Traditionally, each of the hemispheres has
been divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal,
temporal and occipital

The brain has three main parts: the

cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem.
Cerebrum: is the largest part of the brain
and is composed of right and left
hemispheres. It performs higher functions
like interpreting touch, vision and
hearing, as well as speech, reasoning,
emotions, learning, and fine control of
movement.
3.Explain the structure of cerebellum in detail
The cerebellum consists of a cortex
covering white matter, as well as a
ventricle filled with fluid. It is also
divided into two hemispheres like the
cerebral cortex. There are two main
parts of the cerebellum: Cerebellar
cortex: A layer containing folded tissue
containing most of the cerebellum's
neurons.

What are the 4 functions of the

cerebellum?
The cerebellum controls
voluntary movements such as:
•walking.
•posture.
•balance.
•coordination.
•eye movements.
•speech.
4.Describe brachial plexus of nerves
The brachial plexus is a network of nerve
fibres that supplies the skin and
musculature of the upper limb. It begins
in the root of the neck, passes through the
axilla, and runs through the entire upper
extremity.
The brachial plexus is a major network of
nerves transmitting signals responsible
for motor and sensory innervation of
the upper extremities, including the
shoulder, arm, and hand.

5.Spinal cord main function of spinal cord?

A column of nerve tissue that runs from the It connects your brain to your lower back. Your
base of the skull down the center of the back. It spinal cord carries nerve signals from your
is covered by three thin layers of protective brain to your body and vice versa. These
tissue called membranes. The spinal cord and nerve signals help you feel sensations and
membranes are surrounded by the vertebrae move your body. Any damage to your spinal
(back bones). The spinal cord and the brain
cord can affect your movement or function.
make up the central nervous system (CNS).

The spinal cord is divided into four different regions: the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and
sacral regions . The different cord regions can be visually distinguished from one another.
6.Draw a neat labeled diagram of circle of Willis 7.Trochlear nerve
The trochlear nerve is one of 12 sets of cranial
nerves. It enables movement in the eye's superior
oblique muscle. This makes it possible to look
down. The nerve also enables you to move your
eyes toward your nose or away from it.

each of the fourth pair of cranial nerves,

supplying the superior oblique muscle of the
eyeball.

8.Explain cerebellum with its anatomical significance.

The cerebellum is located behind the top part of the brain
stem (where the spinal cord meets the brain) and is made of
two hemispheres (halves). ... The cerebellum receives
information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord,
and other parts of the brain and then regulates control
of movements.
The Circle of Willis is the joining
The cerebellum is important for making postural
area of several arteries at the
adjustments in order to maintain balance. Through its
bottom (inferior) side of the brain.
input from vestibular receptors and proprioceptors, it
At the Circle of Willis, the internal
modulates commands to motor neurons to compensate
carotid arteries branch into smaller
for shifts in body position or changes in load upon
arteries that supply oxygenated
muscles.
blood to over 80% of the cerebrum
9.Classify nervous system and write a note Neurons are information messengers. They use
on neurons electrical impulses and chemical signals to transmit
information between different areas of the brain,
and between the brain and the rest of the nervous
system. ... Neurons have three basic parts: a cell
body and two extensions called an axon (5) and a
dendrite (3)
10.Ulnar nerve and its applied anatomy 11.Radial nerve and its applied anatomy
The ulnar nerve innervates the flexor The radial nerve is a nerve in the human body
muscles of the forearm including the that supplies the posterior portion of the upper
flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum limb. It innervates the medial and lateral heads of the
profundus. ... In the hand, superficial triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12
branch of the ulnar nerve innervates muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of
palmaris brevis muscle and sensory to the forearm and the associated joints and overlying
the hypothenar muscles, fourth common
skin.
digital nerve, and ulnar proper nerve.
SHORTANSWERS 3.Name major parts of central nervous system
The three main components of the central nervous
1.Name the parts of the brain stem
system are the brain, spinal cord, and neurons.

4.Mention the functions of CSF

{Cerebrospinal fluid flow}
Removal of waste, cushioning of brain and
intracranial neurovascular structures, neutral
buoyancy, electrolytic homeostasis
5.Name 4 cranial nerves
 olfactory nerve (I),
the optic nerve (II),
2.Name ventricles of brain oculomotor nerve(III),
 trochlear nerve (IV),
The ventricles of the brain are a trigeminal nerve (V),
communicating network of cavities abducens nerve (VI),
filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) facial nerve (VII),
and located within the brain vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII),
parenchyma. The ventricular system glossopharyngeal nerve (IX),
is composed of 2 lateral ventricles, vagus nerve (X),
the third ventricle, the cerebral accessory nerve (XI),
aqueduct, and the fourth ventricle and the hypoglossal nerve (XII)
 6.Mention the two functions of cerebellum 9. Erb’s palsy
The cerebellum is located in the back of Erb's palsy is a condition characterized by
your brain. It helps with the coordination arm weakness and loss of motion. It can
and movement related to motor skills, occur in both infants and adults. It's typically
especially involving the hands and feet. It caused by a physical injury during newborn
also helps maintain posture, balance, delivery or by traumatic force downward on the
and equilibrium upper arm and shoulder, damaging the brachial
plexus.
7.Spinal ganglion 10 .Carpal tunnel syndrome

 is a cluster of nerve bodies positioned

along the spinal cord at the dorsal and
ventral roots of a spinal nerve.

8.What is wry neck

Wry neck (torticollis) is a tilted and

twisted neck that can be congenital or Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common condition
result from muscle injury, swollen lymph that causes pain, numbness, and tingling in
nodes, ear infection the hand and arm. The condition occurs when
one of the major nerves to the hand — the
median nerve — is squeezed or compressed as
it travels through the wrist.
11 .Mention 2 parts of sciatic nerve
13 .Bell’s palsy
At the popliteal fossa, the nerve
divides into its two branches: The Bell's palsy is an unexplained episode of facial
tibial nerve, which travels down muscle weakness or paralysis. It begins suddenly
the posterior compartment of the and worsens over 48 hours. This condition results from
leg into the foot. The common damage to the facial nerve (the 7th cranial nerve). Pain
peroneal nerve (also called the and discomfort usually occur on one side of the face or
common fibular nerve), which head. Bell's palsy can strike anyone at any age.
travels down the anterior and lateral
compartments of the leg into the
foot. 14 . Lumbar puncture
A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is performed in your
12. Neuralgia lower back, in the lumbar region. During a lumbar
puncture, a needle is inserted between two lumbar
Neuralgia is a sharp, shocking bones (vertebrae) to remove a sample of
pain that follows the path of a cerebrospinal fluid. This is the fluid that surrounds
nerve and is due to irritation or your brain and spinal cord to protect them from injury
damage to the nerve. Common
neuralgias include: Postherpetic 15. Name the branches of the trigeminal nerve
neuralgia (pain that continues after It contains the sensory cell bodies of the 3 branches
a bout of shingles) Trigeminal of the trigeminal nerve (the ophthalmic,
neuralgia (stabbing or electric- mandibular, and maxillary divisions). The
shock-like pain in parts of the face) ophthalmic and maxillary nerves are purely sensory.
16 . Mention the function of hypoglossal nerve 19. Draw a labeled diagram of neurons.
The hypoglossal nerve enables tongue
movement. It controls the hyoglossus,
intrinsic, genioglossus and styloglossus
muscles. These muscles help you speak,
swallow and move substances around in
your mouth.
17. Explain the deformity in klumpke’s paralysis
Klumpke's paralysis is a form of paralysis
involving the muscles of the forearm and
hand, resulting from a brachial plexus
20.Mention the parts of the brain
injury in which the eighth cervical (C8) and
first thoracic (T1) nerves are injured either
before or after they have joined to form the
lower trunk.
18. Special features of Medulla oblongata
The medulla oblongata, also known as the
medulla, directly controls certain ANS responses,
such as heart rate, breathing, blood vessel
dilation, digestion, sneezing, swallowing and
vomiting. It is a portion of the brainstem, located
just below the pons and just above the spinal
cord.
 SHORT ESSAY
UNIT V
THE SENSORY ORGANS 2. Describe the extra ocular muscles
Six muscles outside the eye govern its
1.Draw a diagram of eyeball and briefly explain its parts movements. These muscles are
the four rectus muscles—the inferior,
eyeball, spheroidal structure containing sense
medial, lateral, and superior recti—
receptors for vision, found in all vertebrates and
and the superior and inferior oblique
constructed much like a simple camera. ... Much
muscles. The tendon is attached to the
of the eyeball is filled with a transparent gel-like
sclera back of the equator of the eye.
material, called the vitreous humour, that helps to
maintain the spheroidal shape.
3. Explain the parts of internal ear 4 .Describe 4 recti muscles
These muscles are the four rectus muscles—the
The inner ear has two main parts. The
inferior, medial, lateral, and superior recti—and
cochlea , which is the hearing
the superior and inferior oblique muscles. The
portion, and the semicircular canals
rectus muscles arise from a fibrous ring that
is the balance portion. The cochlea
encircles the optic nerve at the optic foramen, the
is shaped like a snail and is divided
opening through which the nerve passes, and are
into two chambers by a membrane. ...
attached to the sclera, 
The semi-circular canals are also
known as the labyrinthine.
5 .Describe the layers of skin with diagram. 6. Tympanic membrane
The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a
waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. The dermis, The tympanic membrane is also
beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair called the eardrum. It separates the
follicles, and sweat glands. The deeper subcutaneous tissue
outer ear from the middle ear. ... The
(hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue .
middle ear bones then transfer the
vibrating signals to the inner ear. The
tympanic membrane is made up of a thin
connective tissue membrane covered by
skin on the outside and mucosa on the
internal surface
7. Tongue 8. Auditory tube

The human tongue is divided into two

The Eustachian tube is a small
parts, an oral part at the front and a
passageway that connects your throat
pharyngeal part at the back. The left and
to your middle ear. When you sneeze,
right sides are also separated along most of
swallow, or yawn, your Eustachian tubes
its length by a vertical section of fibrous
open. This keeps air pressure and fluid
tissue (the lingual septum) that results in a
from building up inside your ear. But
groove, the median sulcus, on the tongue's
sometimes a Eustachian tube might get
surface.
plugged
 9. Epidermis

The layers of the epidermis

include the stratum basale (the
deepest portion of the
epidermis), stratum spinosum,
stratum granulosum, stratum
lucidum, and stratum corneum
(the most superficial portion of
the epidermis)

 main function of the epidermis?

The epidermis is the top layer of skin in
your body. It has many important
functions, including protecting your
body from the outside world, keeping
your skin hydrated, producing new skin
cells and determining your skin color.
10. Superior and Inferior oblique muscle of eye
11 .Structure of eyeball
The superior oblique muscle is
responsible for abduction, internal
rotation, and depression. Hence, if there
is paralysis of the superior oblique muscle,
the inferior oblique action is unopposed and
results in extreme elevation.

The superior oblique is a fusiform

(spindle-shaped) muscle belonging to
the extraocular group of muscles. It
originates near the nose. Along with the
other extraocular muscles, it performs the
role of controlling eye movements.
The inferior oblique is the only
extraocular muscle to have its
anatomic origin in the anterior
orbit. The muscle runs from the The eye is made up of three coats, which enclose the optically
medial corner of the orbit to the lateral clear aqueous humour, lens, and vitreous body. The outermost
coat consists of the cornea and the sclera; the middle coat
aspect of the globe, its length
contains the main blood supply to the eye and consists, from
approximately paralleling the tendon the back forward, of the choroid, the ciliary body, and the iris.
of insertion of the superior oblique
muscle.
 SHORTANSWERS 5. Name the papillae of tongue
Papillae are the tiny raised protrusions on
1.Layers Of EyeBall the tongue that contain taste buds. The
•The outer layer of the eyeball is a tough, four types of papillae are filiform, fungiform,
white, opaque membrane called the sclera foliate, and circumvallate. Except for the
(the white of the eye). ... filiform, these papillae allow us to
•The middle layer is the choroid. ... differentiate between sweet, salty, bitter,
•The inner layer is the retina, which lines sour, and umami (or savory) flavors.
the back two-thirds of the eyeball.
6. List the auditory apparatus
2. Name The Ear Ossicles The auditory system is comprised of three
The malleus, incus, and stapes form the components; the outer, middle, and inner
ossicular chain that connects the tympanic ear, all of which work together to transfer
membrane to the oval window of the inner sounds from the environment to the brain.
ear.
3 . Any Four Functions Of Skin The auditory system is a body system that is
•Provides a protective barrier against mechanical, responsible for the sense of hearing. It is
thermal and physical injury and hazardous divided into two subsystems- the peripheral
substances. auditory system (outer ear, middle ear and
•Prevents loss of moisture.
inner ear) and the central auditory system
•Reduces harmful effects of UV radiation.
•Acts as a sensory organ (touch, detects (from the cochlear nucleus up to the primary
temperature). auditory cortex).
•Helps regulate temperature.
•An immune organ to detect infections etc.
 7. Name 3 parts of bony labyrinth
The bony labyrinth is a complex space 9. Give the nerve supply of extra-ocular muscles
of three parts: the conical cochlea, The extraocular muscles are innervated by lower
the semicircular canals and the motor neurons that form three cranial nerves: the
vestibule, which connects the former abducens, the trochlear, and the
two parts. oculomotor (Figure 20.3). The abducens nerve
8 . Mention the functions of eyelid (cranial nerve VI) exits the brainstem from the
pons-medullary junction and innervates the lateral
rectus muscle.
10. Mention 4 contents of middle ear
11. Nerve supply to tongue.
Taste to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue 12. Draw and label the diagram of skin.
is achieved through innervation from the
chorda tympani nerve, a branch of the facial { ITH ADD CHEYITHITUND }
nerve (CN VII). General sensation to the
anterior two-thirds of the tongue is by 14. Name the structure of the eye
innervation from the lingual nerve, a branch
of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal {ITH ADD CHEYITHITUND}
nerve (CN V3).
13. Nasal sinuses.
 4 nasal sinuses?
Four sets of paired sinuses are
recognized: maxillary, frontal, sphenoid,
and ethmoid

Purposes of the Sinuses

The sinuses lighten the skull or improve our

voices, but their main function is to produce a
mucus that moisturizes the inside of the
nose. This mucus layer protects the nose from
pollutants, micro-organisms, dust and dirt.
 UNIT VI CIRCULATORY & LYMPHATIC 2.Name the chambers of the heart with a brief detail of
each chamber and the valves in between them
SYSTEM
A typical heart has two upper and two lower
LONGE SSAYS chambers. The upper chambers, the right and left
1. Describe the gross anatomy of heart in detail atria, receive incoming blood. The lower chambers,
The heart contains 4 chambers that essentially make the more muscular right and left ventricles, pump
up 2 sides of 2 chamber (atrium and ventricle) circuits; blood out of the heart. The heart valves, which keep
the left side chambers supply the systemic circulation, blood flowing in the right direction, are gates at the
and the right side chambers supply the pulmonary chamber openings.
circulation. The chambers of each side are separated
by an atrioventricular valve (A-V valve).
The mitral valve and tricuspid valve are located
between the atria (upper heart chambers) and the
ventricles (lower heart chambers). The aortic valve
and pulmonic valve are located between the
ventricles and the major blood vessels leaving the
heart.

The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from

the body and pumps it to the right ventricle. The
right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the
lungs. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood
from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle. The
left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the
body.
{FIGURE ADD CHEYITHILLA NALLA FIGURE
NOKIPADIKE}
 3. Describe the right atrium in detail 4. Describe the ventricles of heart .Write a note on
The right atrium is the first chamber of the blood supply of heart
heart that the blood comes into contact with
The internal cavity of the heart is divided into
as it returns from the systemic circulation,
and from the blood supply to the heart. The
four chambers:
blood entering this chamber is deoxygenated. •Right atrium.
•Right ventricle.
Right atrium: one of the four chambers of the •Left atrium.
heart. The right atrium receives blood low in •Left ventricle.
oxygen from the body and then empties the
The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood
blood into the right ventricle.
to the lungs through the pulmonary valve.
The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the
lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle through the
mitral valve. The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich
blood through the aortic valve out to the rest of the
body.
The left ventricle of your heart is larger and
thicker than the right ventricle. This is
because it has to pump the blood further
around the body, and against higher
pressure, compared with the right ventricle.
A wall of muscle called the septum separates the
left and right atria and the left and right ventricles.
The left ventricle is the largest and strongest
chamber in your heart.
5. Explain spleen in detail Location, external features, blood supply of heart
blood supply, histology and functions Coronary arteries supply blood to the
heart muscle. Like all other tissues in the
body, the heart muscle needs oxygen-rich
blood to function.

14 steps, blood flows through the heart

in the following order: 1) body –> 2)
inferior/superior vena cava –> 3) right
The spleen has some important functions: atrium –> 4) tricuspid valve –> 5) right
it fights invading germs in the blood (the ventricle –> 6) pulmonary arteries –
spleen contains infection-fighting white blood > 7) lungs –> 8) pulmonary veins –> 9)
cells) it controls the level of blood cells (white left atrium –> 10) mitral or bicuspid
blood cells, red blood cells and platelets) it valve –> 11) left ventricle –> 12) aortic
filters the blood and removes any old or valve –> 13) aorta –> 14) body.
damaged red blood cells.
 SHORT ANSWERS 3. Where is spleen located and give its four
1. Waldeyer’s ring important functions
The spleen is a fist-sized organ in the upper left side
Waldeyer's ring consists of four tonsillar of your abdomen, next to your stomach and behind
structures (namely, the pharyngeal, tubal, your left ribs. It's an important part of your immune
palatine and lingual tonsils) as well as small system, but you can survive without it.
collections of lymphatic tissue disbursed What does the spleen do?
throughout the mucosal lining of the pharynx •Stores blood.
(mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, MALT) •Filters blood by removing cellular waste and getting
rid of old or damaged blood cells.
{PIC NOKU}. •Makes white blood cells and antibodies that help you
2. Mention the formation and termination fight infection.
of thoracic duct •Maintains the levels of fluid in your body.
•Produces antibodies that protect you against
The summit of arch is located 3-4 cm above the clavicle.
Finally, the duct descends in front of the first part of left
infection.
subclavian artery and finally ends by opening into the
junction of left subclavian and left internal jugular veins.
The thoracic duct begins in abdomen, courses via thorax and 4 . Name 4 groups of cervical lymph nodes
ends in the neck.
•facial group. inferior maxillary (supramaxillary,
supramandibular, inframandibular) buccinator.
infraorbital (nasolabial) ...
{EE KODUTHEKUNNA IMAGE ADDRESS KAYARI ATHIL
OLLA FORMATION AND TERMINATION NOKKE}
•parotid group. periparotid/preauricular. superficial
extrafascial. ...
•mastoid group (retroauricular/postauricular or
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posterior auricular)
thoracicducts-190514175716/95/thoracic- •occipital group. suprafascial. subfascial.
ducts-5-638.jpg?cb=1557856715
5. Apex beat 7. Name 3 layers of wall of blood vessels
The apex beat (lat. ictus cordis), also
The blood vessel wall has three layers: intima, media and
called the apical impulse, is the pulse
felt at the point of maximum impulse
adventitia. The intima consists of endothelium and
(PMI), which is the point on the subendothelial connective tissue and is separated from the
precordium farthest outwards (laterally) media by the elastic lamina interna. Endothelial cells form a
and downwards (inferiorly) from the continuous monolayer lining all blood vessels.
sternum at which the cardiac impulse 8. Mention 2 differences between large and medium sized
can be felt.
arteries
6. Branches of the right coronary
artery
•Left coronary artery (LCA) Left
anterior descending artery. Left
circumflex artery. Posterior
descending artery. Ramus or
intermediate artery.
•Right coronary artery (RCA) Right
marginal artery. Posterior
descending artery.

The right coronary artery divides into

smaller branches, including the right
posterior descending artery and the
acute marginal artery. Together with the
left anterior descending artery, the right
coronary artery helps supply blood to the
middle or septum of the heart.
9. Mention 2 differences between the structure of large
artery and large vein
10. Chambers of heart

There are four chambers: the left

atrium and right atrium (upper
chambers), and the left ventricle
and right ventricle (lower
chambers). The right side of your
heart collects blood on its return
from the rest of our body. The blood
entering the right side of your heart
is low in oxygen.
 UNIT VII 2. Name the parts of respiratory tract and describe
lungs in detail with applied aspects
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The organs that are involved in breathing. These
include the nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and
LONG ESSAYS
lungs. Also called respiratory system.
1 . Describe the nasal cavity and its applied •Nose.
•Mouth.
anatomy
•Throat (pharynx)
•Voice box (larynx)
•Windpipe (trachea)
•Large airways (bronchi)
•Small airways (bronchioles)
•Lungs.

The lungs are the major organs of the respiratory

system, and are divided into sections, or lobes. The
right lung has three lobes and is slightly larger than the
left lung, which has two lobes. The lungs are separated
The nasal cavity is a large, air-filled
by the mediastinum. This area contains the heart,
space above and behind the nose in
trachea, esophagus, and many lymph nodes.
the middle of the face. The nasal
septum divides the cavity into two
{FIG NOKANNE ATH VARACHU MARK CHEYYANE
cavities, also known as fossae. Each
LUNGS INTE}
cavity is the continuation of one of the
two nostrils. ... The paranasal sinuses
surround and drain into the nasal cavity.
3.Name the parts of the respiratory 4.Describe the structure of lungs in detail with a
system .Describe the right lung in detail. diagram
Mention the differences from left lung
What Are the Parts of the Respiratory
System? The respiratory system includes the
nose, mouth, throat, voice box, windpipe,
and lungs. Air enters the respiratory system
through the nose or the mouth. If it goes in the
nostrils (also called nares), the air is warmed
and humidified.
The right lung has both more lobes and
segments than the left. It is divided into three
lobes, an upper, middle, and a lower lobe by
two fissures, one oblique and one horizontal.
The upper, horizontal fissure, separates the
upper from the middle lobe.

The lungs are the major organs of the

respiratory system, and are divided into
sections, or lobes. The right lung has three
lobes and is slightly larger than the left lung,
which has two lobes. The lungs are separated
by the mediastinum. This area contains the
heart, trachea, esophagus, and many lymph
nodes.
SHORTANSWERS 3. Name the openings in the lateral wall of nose

1. Name the air sinuses opening into middle meatus •

Sphenoethmoidal recess. The space
Middle Meatus: located inferior to the middle between the superior nasal concha and
turbinate and superior to the inferior turbinate the sphenoid bone, with openings from
- there are several structures within this the sphenoid sinus.
meatus. This is the drainage site of •Superior meatus. ...
the frontal, anterior ethmoid, and maxillary •Middle meatus. ...
sinuses. •Inferior meatus. ...
•Sphenopalatine foramen.
The middle meatus is an air passage of the
lateral nasal cavity located between the
middle nasal concha and lateral nasal wall.
The anterior ethmoid air cells, maxillary and
frontal sinuses all drain into the middle
4. Name the bones forming nasal septum
meatus.
2. Name the para nasal air sinuses The nasal septum is formed by the
One of many small hollow spaces in the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, the
bones around the nose. Paranasal sinuses vomer bone, and the septal cartilage.
are named after the bones that contain
them: frontal (the lower forehead),
maxillary (cheekbones), ethmoid
(beside the upper nose), and sphenoid
(behind the nose).
 5. Name 4 cartilages of larynx
7. Name any four muscles of pharynx
•the thyroid cartilage, •Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle.
•the epiglottic cartilage, •Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle.
•the cricoid cartilage, •Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle.
•the arytenoid cartilages and. •Palatopharyngeus muscle.
•the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages. •Salpingopharyngeus muscle.
•Stylopharyngeus muscle.
9 . Name two pleural recesses 11. Mention the action of intercostals muscle
The two recesses in the pleural cavity Intercostal muscles are many different groups
include the following: of muscles that run between the ribs, and help
•Costomediastinal recess which is found form and move the chest wall. The intercostal
between the mediastinal and costal pleura. muscles are mainly involved in the
The space is located just posterior the mechanical aspect of breathing by helping
sternum. expand and shrink the size of the chest
•Costodiaphragmatic recess is found cavity.
between the diaphragmatic and costal Nerve: intercostal nerves
pleura. Artery: intercostal arteries
Insertion: ribs 2-12
10. Mention 4 structures passing through Origin: ribs 1-11
the diagram
These are the quadratus lumborum, and 12. Respiratory muscles.
psoas major muscles. Three important
structures pass through the From a functional point of view, there are three
diaphragm: the esophagus, and the two groups of respiratory muscles: the diaphragm,
main blood vessels of the lower half of the rib cage muscles and the abdominal
the body, the inferior vena cava, and the muscles. Each group acts on the chest wall and
descending aorta. This is the opening for its compartments, i.e. the lung-apposed rib
the inferior vena cava, the vena caval cage, the diaphragm-apposed rib cage and the
foramen. abdomen
 UNIT VIII 2. Describe the parts, features, blood supply and
histology of stomach
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The stomach is supplied by a rich system of arteries derived
from the celiac trunk, the first major visceral branch of the
abdominal aorta. The lesser curvature of the stomach is
LONG ESSAYS supplied by the left and right gastric artery, which are branches
1.Describe the location, blood supply, nerve of the celiac trunk and the common hepatic artery respectively.

supply and applied anatomy of rectum The stomach is

The rectum is supplied by the superior rectal supplied by a rich
artery (branch of the inferior mesenteric system of arteries
artery), middle rectal artery (branch of the derived from the
internal iliac artery) and inferior rectal artery celiac trunk, the first
(branch of the internal pudendal artery from the major visceral branch
internal iliac artery). of the abdominal aorta.
Gross anatomy: Two flexures: sacral, The lesser curvature of
perineal; ... the stomach is Histologically, most of the
Supply: Arteries: superior, middle, inferior supplied by the left and stomach wall
rectal ... right gastric artery, contains gastric glands (or
Histology: Intestinal epithelium which are branches of fundic glands). These consist
the celiac trunk and primarily of parietal cells and
The rectum is an 18- to 20-cm long part of the common hepatic chief cells. The fundic glands
the large intestine, located between the artery respectively. also contain mucous neck
sigma and the anal canal. It is located to the
cells and stem cells. Gastric
front of the sacrum, and passes through the
parietal cells (oxyntic cells)
pelvic diaphragm that separates the rectum
secrete acid, by pumping
into the pelvic and anal part. The shape of the
chloride and hydrogen ions.
rectum is in lower mammals straight.
 3. Mention different parts of digestive 4. Name the salivary glands. Where do they
system. Describe the esophagus in detail open? Describe the parotid gland in detail
The main organs that make up the digestive system (in Anatomy of the salivary glands. The three
order of their function) are the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and
main pairs of salivary glands are the parotid
anus. Helping them along the way are the pancreas, gall glands, the sublingual glands, and the
bladder and liver. The esophagus is a submandibular glands.
muscular tube Each gland's major duct (Stensen's duct)
connecting the
throat (pharynx)
opens in the rear of the mouth cavity near
with the stomach. the second upper molar. The second pair,
The esophagus is the submaxillary glands, also called
about 8 inches long, submandibular glands, are located along the
and is lined by moist
pink tissue called side of the lower jawbone.
mucosa. The
esophagus runs The parotid glands are a pair of mainly
behind the windpipe serous salivary glands located below
(trachea) and heart,
and in front of each ear canal, draining
and in front of the
spine. ... They keep their secretions into the vestibule of the
food and secretions mouth through the parotid duct. ... The
from going down the gland can be felt on either side, by feeling
windpipe.
in front of each ear, along the cheek, and
Your esophagus is a hollow, muscular tube below the angle of the mandible.
that carries food and liquid from your throat to
your stomach. Muscles in your esophagus propel
food down to your stomach.
5.Name the parts of extra hepatic biliary
The liver is located in the upper right-hand portion
apparatus. Describe the anatomy of the of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm,
liver and on top of the stomach, right kidney, and
The extrahepatic biliary tree consists of intestines. Shaped like a cone, the liver is a dark
the bifurcation of the left and right hepatic reddish-brown organ that weighs about 3 pounds
ducts, the common hepatic duct, the CBD, the
cystic duct, and the gallbladder
7.Describe the duodenum 8.Name the parts of digestive system .And
The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine. describe stomach in detail.
It is located between the stomach and the middle part of
the small intestine, or jejunum. After foods mix with
The stomach is a muscular organ located on the
stomach acid, they move into the duodenum, where left side of the upper abdomen. ... The stomach
they mix with bile from the gallbladder and digestive secretes acid and enzymes that digest food.
juices from the pancreas Ridges of muscle tissue called rugae line the
A characteristic feature of the duodenum is the stomach. The stomach muscles contract
Brunner's glands embedded in the submucosa. periodically, churning food to enhance digestion.
These produce – amongst others – mucous secret
containing bicarbonate which serves to neutralize the
gastric acid. Furthermore crypts of Lieberkuhn lie
between the villi. Paneth cells are found in the lumen of
these crypts.

duodenum, the first part of the small intestine,

which receives partially digested food from
the stomach and begins the absorption of
nutrients.

Located inferior to the stomach, the duodenum

is a 10-12 inch (25-30 cm) long C-shaped,
hollow tube. The duodenum is a part of the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract, attached to the
pyloric sphincter of the stomach on its superior
end and to the jejunum of the small intestine on
its inferior end.
 6. Describe the pharynx
9. Name the location, surfaces, borders, blood
supply and applied anatomy of liver.
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170802170759/95/anatomy-of-liver-presentation-7-
638.jpg?cb=1501693797
Located in the right upper quadrant of the
abdominal cavity, it rests just below the
diaphragm, to the right of the stomach and
overlies the gallbladder. The liver is connected
to two large blood vessels: the hepatic artery
and the portal vein.
Vein: Hepatic vein and hepatic portal vein
Artery: Hepatic artery
The liver has three surfaces: diaphragmatic,
visceral and posterior surfaces. The liver has
two hemilivers, the large right hemiliver and the
smaller left hemiliver, which is generally
described in two ways, by morphologic anatomy
and by functional anatomy.
Superior, anterior, posterior and right
surfaces of the liver are continuous with each
other and are related to the diaphragm and
anterior abdominal wall. The anterior surface is
separated from the inferior (visceral) surface by a
sharp anterior (inferior) border that is clinically
palpable on deep inspiration.
 SHORT ANSWERS 3. Oesophagus
1. Parotid gland The esophagus is a muscular tube about ten
inches (25 cm.) long, extending from the
The function of the parotid gland and other two
hypopharynx to the stomach. The esophagus lies
major salivary glands is to produce and secrete
posterior to the trachea and the heart and passes
saliva, a substance that helps break food down
through the mediastinum and the hiatus, an
so you can digest it properly.
opening in the diaphragm, in its descent from the
either of a pair of large salivary glands thoracic to the abdominal cavity.
situated just in front of each ear.
4. Histology of oesophagus
2. Submandibular gland It contains oesophageal glands, that secrete
mucus to help ease the passage of swallowed
1.either of a pair of salivary glands food. The muscularis externa layer in the top
situated below the parotid glands. third of the oesophagus contains skeletal
muscle, in the middle, it is a mixture of smooth
The submandibular gland produces saliva, and skeletal muscle, and in the bottom third it is
which moistens the mouth and aids in entirely smooth.
chewing, swallowing, digestion, and helps to
The epithelium, lamina propria, and
keep the mouth and teeth clean. muscularis mucosa. The thick epithelial layer
Unstimulated, the submandibular glands lines the lumen of the esophagus and consists
provide the majority of saliva to the mouth. of stratified squamous non-keratinized cells,
On stimulation, the parotid gland takes over, which has their typical appearance of flat,
producing the majority of saliva. overlapping cells that are more flat as they
move away from the base or basal cell layer.
5. Describe the blood supply of stomach 7. Soft palate
soft palate, also called palatal velum,
The stomach is supplied by a rich system velum, or muscular palate, in mammals,
of arteries derived from the celiac trunk, structure consisting of muscle and
the first major visceral branch of the connective tissue that forms the roof of the
abdominal aorta. The lesser curvature of the posterior (rear) portion of the oral cavity. ...
stomach is supplied by the left and right The soft palate is continuous with the hard
gastric artery, which are branches of the palate, which forms in the anterior roof of
celiac trunk and the common hepatic artery the mouth.
respectively.

8. Duodenum
6. Stomach bed
The stomach bed refers to the structures The duodenum is the first part of the small
upon which the stomach rests in intestine. It is located between the stomach
mammals. These include the pancreas, and the middle part of the small intestine, or
spleen, left kidney, left suprarenal gland, jejunum. After foods mix with stomach acid,
transverse colon and its mesocolon, and the they move into the duodenum, where they
diaphragm. The term was introduced around mix with bile from the gallbladder and
1896 by Philip Polson of the Catholic digestive juices from the pancreas.
University School of Medicine, Dublin.
 9. Peritoneum and its function 10. Vermiform appendix
The peritoneum serves to support the organs of The vermiform appendix is a narrow, worm-
the abdomen and acts as a conduit for the shaped structure that protrudes from the
passage of nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics. posteromedial aspect of the cecum, 2 cm (or
Although the peritoneum is thin, it is made of 2 less) below the insertion of the ileum into the
layers with a potential space between them cecum. The appendix is located at the proximal
root of the outer tinea coli of the cecum.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that is
highly vascular. The mesentery is a continuation 12. Describe pancreas
of the peritoneum that is made of connective The pancreas is a long, flat gland that lies in
tissue. It secretes serous fluid, providing the abdomen behind the stomach. It
lubrication and decreasing the friction produces enzymes that are released into the
between abdominal organs. small intestine to help with digestion. It also
contains clusters of cells called islets.
11. Mention the differences between small and
large intestine
What is inferior surface liver?

The inferior surface is related to

the hepatic flexure (the area where the
vertical ascending (right) colon takes a
right-angle turn to become the horizontal
transverse colon), right kidney, transverse
colon, duodenum and stomach. The
gallbladder straddles the undersurfaces
of liver segments IVB and V.
 13 . Name the blood vessels supplying 14. Difference between jejunum and ileum
the rectum
What blood vessels supply the rectum?
The rectum receives arterial supply through
three main arteries:
•Superior rectal artery - terminal continuation of the
inferior mesenteric artery.
•Middle rectal artery - branch of the internal iliac
artery.
•Inferior rectal artery - branch of the internal
pudendal artery.

Vasculature. The three main arterial trunks that

provide blood supply to the rectum are the
superior, middle, and inferior hemorrhoidal
arteries, which are also referred to as rectal
arteries 

15. Describe the interior of anal canal

Structure. In humans, the anal canal

is approximately 2.5 to 4 cm long, from
the anorectal junction to the anus. It is 16. Inferior/visceral surface of liver
directed downwards and backwards. It is The visceral surface or inferior surface of the liver
surrounded by inner involuntary and outer is concave, directed downward, backward, and to the
voluntary sphincters which keep the left. Deep fissures and the impressions of the adjacent
lumen closed in the form of an organs make this surface uneven. These two surfaces
anteroposterior slit. join antero-laterally in acute angle forming the inferior
margin.
17. Name the peritoneal folds of liver 19 . Nerve supply of small intestine
The nervous system of the small intestine is made up of
the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the
autonomic nervous system. The parasympathetic fibers
originate from the Vagus nerve and control secretions
and motility.

20. Name the Papillae of tongue.

Papillae are the tiny raised protrusions on the tongue that
contain taste buds. The four types of papillae are filiform,
fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate. Except for the filiform,
these papillae allow us to differentiate between sweet, salty,
bitter, sour, and umami (or savory) flavors.

22. Name the parts of large intestine.

18. Name different lobes of liver
The large intestine has four parts: cecum, colon, rectum,
Anatomically the liver has four and anal canal. Partly digested food moves through the
lobes: right, left, caudate, and cecum into the colon, where water and some nutrients and
quadrate. The quadrate lobe is electrolytes are removed.
located on the inferior surface of
the right lobe.
 UNIT IX 2. Histology of kidney

THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

SHORT ESSAY The kidney is organised into many lobes,
organised in a pyramidal structure, where the
1. The ureter outer portion is made up of cortex, and the
The ureters are bilateral thin (3 to 4 mm) tubular inner portion is made up of the medulla. The
structures that connect the kidneys to the urinary kidney contains about 1 million functional units
bladder, transporting urine from the renal pelvis into the called nephrons, which are continuous with a
bladder. The muscular layers are responsible for the
peristaltic activity that the ureter uses to move the urine system of collecting tubules.
from the kidneys to the bladder

The abdominal
portion of the
ureter lies on the
anterior surface
of the psoas
muscle,
 3. Urethra 4. Urinary bladder
The urethra is the tube that allows urine to
pass out of the body. In men, it's a long tube The urinary bladder is a muscular sac in the pelvis,
that runs through the penis. It also carries just above and behind the pubic bone. When empty,
semen in men. In women, it's short and is just the bladder is about the size and shape of a pear.
above the vagina. Urethral problems may Urine is made in the kidneys and travels down two
happen due to aging, illness, or injury. tubes called ureters to the bladder. The bladder
stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and
controlled

 The female urethra is a relatively simple tubular

structure that has the sole purpose of conducting
urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It is The urinary bladder functions as a storage vessel
a short structure without complex investing structures for urine to delay the frequency of urination. It is
one of the most elastic organs of the body and can
The male urethra originates at the bladder neck and
terminates at the urethral meatus on the glans penis. increase its volume greatly to accommodate up to
It is roughly 15-25 cm long in the adult and forms an "S" 800 mL of urine at maximum capacity in adults.
curve when viewed from a median sagittal plane in an
upright, flaccid position (see the image below).
 5. Relations of right kidney 6. Male urethra
Relationship: Anteriorly the right kidney is related to the Liver, The male urethra is a narrow
duodenum and hepatic flexure of ascending colon. Anteriorly the left fibromuscular tube that conducts urine
kidney is related to Stomach, Jejunum, Pancreas, Spleen and and semen from the bladder and
descending Colon. ... Right Kidney is related to the 12th rib posteriorly ejaculatory ducts, respectively, to the
resting on diaphragm. exterior of the body (see the image below).
Although the male urethra is a single
structure, it is composed of a
heterogeneous series of segments:
prostatic, membranous, and spongy.

about 18 to 20 cm
Because the
urethra is
anatomically
linked with the
reproductive
structures, its
characteristics in
males are quite
different from
those in females.
The male's
urethra is about
18 to 20 cm (7 to
8 inches)
long and passes
along the length
of the penis
before emptying.
7. Describe the macroscopic structure 8. Describe nephron in detail.
nephron, functional unit of the kidney, the structure
of kidney that actually produces urine in the process of removing
waste and excess substances from the blood. There are
about 1,000,000 nephrons in each human kidney. ...
The capsule and glomerulus together constitute the
renal corpuscle.

10. Describe urinary bladder in detail .Add a

note on its applied anatomy.
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 [FEATURES}
9. Describe the kidney under following headings–location, •
A - controlling ACID-base balance.
shape, external features, coverings, relations and blood •W - controlling WATER balance.
supply. •E - maintaining ELECTROLYTE balance.
•T - removing TOXINS and waste products from the
body.
•B - controlling BLOOD PRESSURE.
•E - producing the hormone ERYTHROPOIETIN.
•D - activating vitamin D.

{COVERING}renal capsule, thin membranous sheath

that covers the outer surface of each kidney. The
capsule is composed of tough fibres, chiefly collagen
and elastin (fibrous proteins), that help to support the
kidney mass and protect the vital tissue from injury.

{Relationship:} Anteriorly the right kidney is

related to the Liver, duodenum and hepatic
The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs on
either side of your spine, below your ribs and flexure of ascending colon. Anteriorly the left
behind your belly {location} kidney is related to Stomach, Jejunum, Pancreas,
Spleen and descending Colon. Adrenal gland is
{blood supply} superior and anterior to the Kidneys.
xygenated blood comes to the kidneys
from the right and left renal arteries off The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each
the abdominal aorta. Deoxygenated about the size of a fist. They are located just below
blood leaves the kidneys via the right and the rib cage, one on each side of your spine.
left renal veins that run into to the inferior {shape}
vena cava.
SHORT ANSWERS 4. Mention the coverings of kidney 5. Draw a labeled diagram of
1. Name the parts of a nephron
renal capsule, thin
membranous sheath that
nephron
covers the outer surface
•renal corpuscle.
•proximal convoluted tubule. of each kidney. The
•loop of Henle. capsule is composed of
•distal convoluted tubule. tough fibres, chiefly
collagen and elastin
2. Name the different parts
(fibrous proteins), that
of urinary system
help to support the
The organs of the urinary system kidney mass and protect
include the kidneys, renal
the vital tissue from
pelvis, ureters, bladder and
urethra.
injury.
6. Mention the
3. Trigone of bladder constrictions of ureter
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opening of your urethra, the duct that image.slidesharecdn.com/
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7. Mention 2 important relations of urinary 8. Name the parts of male urethra
bladder in females

In males, the base of the bladder lies between the

rectum and the pubic symphysis. It is superior to the
prostate, and separated from the rectum by the recto-
vesical pouch. In females, the bladder sits inferior to
the uterus and anterior to the vagina; thus its
maximum capacity is lower than in males.
Artery: Superior vesical artery; Inferior vesical ...
Nerve: Vesical nervous plexus
Vein: Vesical venous plexus
 UNIT X 2. Name the endocrine glands. Describe the thyroid
gland in detail
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
While many parts of the body make
SHORT ESSAYS hormones, the major glands that make up the
1. Describe the pituitary gland in detail endocrine system are the:
•hypothalamus.
•pituitary.
•thyroid.
•parathyroids.
•adrenals.
•pineal body.
•the ovaries.
•the testes.
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The pituitary gland is a part of your endocrine system.
Its main function is to secrete hormones into your
bloodstream. These hormones can affect other organs
and glands, especially your: thyroid. reproductive {thyroid gland }
organs.
Structure. The pituitary gland, in humans, is a
pea-sized gland that sits in a protective bony
enclosure called the sella turcica. It is composed
of two lobes: anterior and posterior, with the
intermediate lobe that joins the two regions. In
many animals, these three lobes are distinct.
 3. Describe the pancreas 4. Thyroid gland

The pancreas is a long, flat gland

that lies in the abdomen behind the
The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland that sits low on
stomach. It produces enzymes that the front of the neck. Your thyroid lies below your Adam's
are released into the small intestine to apple, along the front of the windpipe. The thyroid has two
help with digestion. It also contains side lobes, connected by a bridge (isthmus) in the middle.
clusters of cells called islets. When the thyroid is its normal size, you can't feel it.

The pancreas has two main What is the main function of thyroid gland?
functions: an exocrine function The thyroid gland is a vital hormone gland: It plays a major
that helps in digestion and an role in the metabolism, growth and development of the
human body. It helps to regulate many body functions by
endocrine function that regulates
constantly releasing a steady amount of thyroid hormones
blood sugar. into the bloodstream
 5. Functions of adrenal gland 6. Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands produce hormones that help regulate Function of the parathyroid glands
your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure,
response to stress and other essential functions.
Parathyroid glands produce parathyroid
Adrenal glands are composed of two parts — the cortex hormone, which plays a key role in the
and the medulla — which are each responsible for regulation of calcium levels in the blood.
producing different hormones. Precise calcium levels are important in the
human body, since small changes can
cause muscle and nerve problems
 7. Relations of thyroid gland 8 . Describe pancreas under following heading-location,
In its anatomic position, the thyroid gland parts, importance relations and histology
lies posterior to the sternothyroid and sternohyoid
{LOCATION}
muscles, wrapping around the cricoid cartilage and
Your pancreas sits behind your stomach and in front of
tracheal rings. It is located inferior to the laryngeal
your spine. Your gallbladder, liver and spleen surround
thyroid cartilage, typically corresponding to the
your pancreas. The right side of your body contains the
vertebral levels C5-T1.
head of your pancreas. This narrow organ lies along the first
segment of your small intestine, called the duodenum

{PARTS OF PANCREAS}
FOUR MAIN PARTS
•Head - The head is the widest part of the pancreas. The
head of the pancreas is found in the right side of abdomen,
nestled in the curve of the duodenum (first part of the small
intestine).
•Neck - The neck is the thin section of the gland between
the head and the body of the pancreas.
•Body - The body is the middle part of the pancreas
between the neck and the tail. The superior mesenteric
The pancreas is divided into lobules by
artery and vein run behind this part of the pancreas. connective tissue septae. Lobules are
•Tail - The tail is the thin tip of the pancreas in the left side composed largely of grape-like clusters of
of the abdomen, in close proximity to the spleen.
exocrine cells called acini, which secrete
digestive enzymes.
 SHORT ANSWERS 4. Name 2 hormones produced by neurohyphophysis
1 . Name the endocrine glands The neurohypophysis is the structural foundation of
•hypothalamus. a neuro-humoral system coordinating fluid balance
•pituitary. and reproductive function through the action of two
•thyroid. peptide hormones: vasopressin and oxytocin.
•parathyroids.
•adrenals. 5. Name any 4 hormones produced by pituitary gland
•pineal body.
•the ovaries. The major hormones produced by the pituitary
•the testes. gland are:
•ACTH: Adrenocorticotrophic hormone. ...
2. Mention the parts of pituitary gland •FSH: Follicle-stimulating hormone. ...
In most species the pituitary gland is •LH: Luteinizing hormone. ...
divided into three lobes: the anterior •GH: Growth hormone. ...
lobe, the intermediate lobe, and the
posterior lobe
•PRL: Prolactin. ...
•TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone.
3. Mention the types of cells found in
anterior pituitary 6. Name 2 arteries supplying the thyroid gland
The pituitary is divided into three sections-the
anterior lobe which constitute the majority of The superior thyroid artery (STA) arising from
the pituitary mass and is composed primarily of the external carotid artery (ECA), and the
five hormone-producing cell types inferior thyroid artery (ITA) branching from the
(thyrotropes, lactotropes, corticotropes,
thyrocervical trunk create the blood supply to the
somatotropes and gonadotropes) 
thyroid gland.
 7. Name 2 ovarian hormones
10. Mention the blood supply of pancreas
The major hormones secreted by the ovaries Corporocaudal segment of human pancreas is
are oestrogen and progesterone, both important
supplied with blood by splenic artery. Branches of
hormones in the menstrual cycle.
splenic artery, which extend to the body and to the
8. Name the hormones secreted by tail of the gland include: dorsal pancreatic artery,
inferior pancreatic artery, greater pancreatic artery,
thyroid gland artery to tail of pancreas, and pancreatic branches.
The thyroid gland uses iodine from food to
make two thyroid
hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and
thyroxine (T4). It also stores these thyroid
hormones and releases them as they are
needed. The hypothalamus and the
pituitary gland, which are located in the
brain, help control the thyroid gland.

9. Name the hormones secreted by

placenta
The placenta produces two steroid
hormones – oestrogen and
progesterone. Progesterone acts
to maintain pregnancy by
supporting the lining of the uterus
(womb), which provides the
environment for the fetus and the
placenta to grow.
11. Describe islets of langerhans 12. Name the disorders of thyroid gland.
Several different disorders can arise when your
thyroid produces too much hormone
(hyperthyroidism) or not enough
(hypothyroidism). Four common disorders of
the thyroid are Hashimoto's thyroiditis,
Graves' disease, goiter, and thyroid
nodules.

13. Parts of thyroid gland.

 UNIT XI 2..Describe the anatomy of ovary

THEREPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
INCLUDING BREAST
SHORT ESSAYS
1 .Name the parts of the female
reproductive tract. Describe the anatomy
of uterus

Each ovary is a solid, ovoid structure

about the size and shape of an almond,
about 3.5 cm in length, 2 cm wide, and 1
cm thick. The ovaries are located in shallow
depressions, called ovarian fossae, one on
each side of the uterus, in the lateral walls
A female's internal reproductive organs are the vagina, of the pelvic cavity.
uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
The uterus has four major regions: the fundus is the broad curved upper
area in which the fallopian tubes connect to the uterus; the body, the main
part of the uterus, starts directly below the level of the fallopian tubes and
continues downward until the uterine walls and cavity begin to narrow;
 3. Describe the uterus and its ligaments 4. Describe the female reproductive system
The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the
female pelvis between the bladder and rectum. ... The internal sex organs are the vagina, uterus,
Once the egg has left the ovary it can be fertilized and Fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The vagina allows for
implant itself in the lining of the uterus. The main function sexual intercourse and birth, and is connected to the
of the uterus is to nourish the developing fetus prior to uterus at the cervix. The uterus or womb accommodates
birth. the embryo which develops into the foetus.

There are two round ligaments of the uterus, one on

either side. Each is about 4 inches (10 centimeters) long

While the broad and round ligaments of the

uterus attach to the body of the uterus, there are
three other ligaments which attach to the second
component of the uterus, the cervix. These are the
pubocervical, transverse cervical and uterosacral
ligaments.

The uterus is a pear-shaped muscular

organ of the female reproductive system.
The uterus is divided into the fundus,
lower uterine segment, and cervix uteri. ...
The uterosacral ligaments are
anteriorly attached to the cervix uteri.
The uterosacral ligaments are posteriorly
attached to sacral vertebrae.
 5. Supports of uterus 6. Fallopian tube
The uterus is primarily supported by the pelvic The Fallopian tubes, also known as uterine
diaphragm, perineal body, and urogenital tubes, salpinges (singular salpinx), or oviducts,
diaphragm. Secondarily, it is supported by are tubes that stretch from the ovaries to the
ligaments, including the peritoneal ligament uterus, in the human female reproductive
and the broad ligament of uterus.
system. In other mammals they are called
Lymph: Body and cervix to internal iliac
lymph ... oviducts. A fertilized egg passes through the
Artery: Ovarian artery and uterine artery Fallopian tubes from the ovaries to the uterus
Vein: Uterine veins
The fallopian tubes are bilateral conduits
between the ovaries and the uterus in the
female pelvis. They function as channels for
oocyte transport and fertilization.
 7. Spermatogenesis 8. Prostate
Based on germ cell The prostate is a gland in men. It helps make
development and
morphological
semen, the fluid that contains sperm. The
characteristics as prostate surrounds the tube that carries urine
seen with the
electron
away from the bladder and out of the body. A
microscope, young man's prostate is about the size of a
spermatogenesis in
the testicular
walnut. It slowly grows larger with age.
lobules can be
classified into five
stages: (1)
spermatogonial, What does the prostate do for a man?
(2) primary The prostate produces a fluid that mixes
spermatocyte, (3)
secondary with sperm (from the testicles) to make
spermatocyte, (4) semen. The fluid is kept in a tube-shaped
spermatid, and (5)
spermatozoon. gland that sits behind the bladder. This gland
is called the seminal vesicle. During sex, the
muscle tissue helps force (ejaculate) prostate
fluid and sperm into the urethra.
Spermatogenesis is the production of
sperm from the primordial germ cells. ...
They remain there until maturity, at which
time the sex cords hollow out to form the
seminiferous tubules, and the epithelium of
the tubules differentiates into the Sertoli
cells.
 9. Oogenesis 10. Describe the structure of mammary gland
oogenesis, in the human female reproductive The mammary gland structure is divided into
system, growth process in which the three parts: the skin, the parenchyma, and
primary egg cell (or ovum) becomes a the stroma. Skin: It consists of a nipple and
mature ovum. ... These cells, known as the areola. ... 15 to 20 lactiferous ducts pierce the
primary ova, number around 400,000. The nipple. The nipple contains circular and
primary ova remain dormant until just prior to
longitudinal smooth muscle fibers and is rich
ovulation, when an egg is released from the
ovary. in the nerve supply.

11. Explain the location and structure of ovary.

Each ovary is a solid, ovoid structure about the size and shape
of an almond, about 3.5 cm in length, 2 cm wide, and 1 cm thick.
The ovaries are located in shallow depressions, called
ovarian fossae, one on each side of the uterus, in the lateral
walls of the pelvic cavity
 SHORT ANSWERS 5. Name parts of fallopian tube
1. Name the internal organs of female From there there are three named parts of the Fallopian
tube; the isthmus, the ampulla, and the infundibulum.
reproductive system The isthmus sits next to the opening of the Fallopian tube
A female's internal reproductive organs are into the uterus. It connects to the ampulla (Latin: flask),
the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. which curves over the ovary and is the most common site
of human fertilization.
2. Mention the parts of uterus Artery: tubal branches of ovarian artery,
Latin: Tuba uterina
The uterus is divided into 3 main parts: the
fundus, body, and cervix
6. Mention the boundaries of ovarian fossa
3. Name 4 ligaments of the uterus This ovarian fossa has the following boundaries:
Ligaments of the uterus •superiorly: by the external iliac artery and vein.
•Broad ligament. •anteriorly and inferiorly: by the broad ligament of
•Uterovesical fold. the uterus.
•Rectovaginal fold. •posteriorly: by the ureter, internal iliac artery and
vein.
4. Name the layers of wall of uterus •inferiorly: by the obturator nerve, artery and vein.
The thick wall of the uterus has 3 layers:
•The endometrium is the inner layer that lines the
uterus. It is made up of glandular cells that make
secretions. 7. Mention the layers of scrotum
•The myometrium is the middle and thickest layer of
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 8. Graffian follicle 10. Name the parts of male urethra.
1.a fluid-filled structure in the mammalian
The male urethra is often divided into 3
ovary within which an ovum develops prior
segments on the basis of its investing
to ovulation.
structures: prostatic urethra, membranous
urethra, and spongy (or penile) urethra.

11. Draw a diagram on the structure of uterus.

9. Ductus deferns
The ductus deferens, or vas deferens, is a
fibromuscular tube that is continuation of the
epididymis and is an excretory duct of the
testis. Each ductus is 30-45 cm in length and
serves to transport sperms cells from the
respective epididymis to the ipsilateral ejaculatory
duct.
What happens to sperm in ductus deferens?
The ductus deferens, or vas deferens, is a
fibromuscular tube that is continuation of the
epididymis and is an excretory duct of the testis.
Each ductus is 30-45 cm in length and serves to
transport sperms cells from the respective
epididymis to the ipsilateral ejaculatory duct.