Scribd
Upload
102 views29 pages

Ai Unit 2

Semantic networks represent knowledge as interconnected nodes and arcs. Nodes represent entities, attributes, states or events. Arcs represent relationships between nodes. Semantic networks can represent both concrete and abstract concepts as well as variables. They provide a natural representation of knowledge but require significant computational resources and do not have standardized link definitions. Frames divide knowledge into structured packets containing slots with values. Declarative frames describe objects while procedural frames attach actions to perform. Scripts organize stereotyped sequences of events. Conceptual dependency represents semantics independently of words using primitive acts in conceptual categories like objects, actions, attributes and locations.

Uploaded by

Sunil Nagar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
102 views29 pages

Ai Unit 2

Semantic networks represent knowledge as interconnected nodes and arcs. Nodes represent entities, attributes, states or events. Arcs represent relationships between nodes. Semantic networks can represent both concrete and abstract concepts as well as variables. They provide a natural representation of knowledge but require significant computational resources and do not have standardized link definitions. Frames divide knowledge into structured packets containing slots with values. Declarative frames describe objects while procedural frames attach actions to perform. Scripts organize stereotyped sequences of events. Conceptual dependency represents semantics independently of words using primitive acts in conceptual categories like objects, actions, attributes and locations.

Uploaded by

Sunil Nagar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Knowledge Representation

Schemes
Semantic Networks
Semantic Network is a structure for
representing knowledge as a pattern of
interconnected nodes and arc.
It is also defined as a graphical
representation of knowledge.
NODES: Objects under consideration.
ARCS: Relationships with another
nodes.
Example: Cheetah is a carnivore
• Nodes in semantic net represent either:
• Entities
• Attributes
• States
• Events

• Arcs: Relationships between nodes and labels show what kind of relationship
• Semantic Networks can also
represent variables.
• Example: X, Y in this Figure.

• Nodes can be:


• Generic Nodes
• Individual or Instance Nodes
IS-A Hierarchical Structure: Inheritance
ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES

• Semantic networks are a natural


• More computational time at runtime.
representation of knowledge.
• Semantic networks try to model human-
• Semantic networks convey meaning like memory (Which has 1015 neurons
in a transparent manner. and links) to store the information, but
• These networks are simple and in practice, it is not possible to build
such a vast semantic network.
easily understandable.
• Semantic networks do not have any
standard definition for the link names.
• These networks are not intelligent and
depend on the creator of the system.
FRAMES
• Frames are an artificial intelligence data structure used to
divide knowledge into substructures by representing
"stereotyped situations".
• They were proposed by Marvin Minsky in his 1974 article "A
Framework for Representing Knowledge".
• Representation should reflect Domain Structure.
• He proposed that knowledge is organized into small packets called frames.
• Frames contains slots which have values.
• Whenever a situation occur, a series of related frames are activated and
reasoning is done.
FRAMES
Declarative Frames

• Frame that merely contains


description about objects is
called a declarative type.
Procedural Frames
• It is also possible to attach slots which explain how to
perform things. In other words, it is possible to have
procedural knowledge represented in a frame
• Such frames are known as action- procedure frames.
• Action frame have following slots:
• Actor Slot
• Object Slot
• Source Slot
• Destination Slot
• Task Slot
SCRIPTS
• A script is a structured representation describing a stereotyped
sequence events that take place in day to day activities.
• Scripts are used in natural language understanding systems to
organize a knowledge base in terms of the situations that the
system should understand.
• Special case of frame structure.
• Advantages of Scripts:
• Ability to predict events.
• A single coherent interpretation may be
build up from a collection of observations.
• Disadvantages:
• Less general than frames.
• May not be suitable to represent all kinds of
knowledge.
• Cannot be able to share knowledge across
scripts as knowledge in scripts is true to
that script only
Conceptual Dependency
• Conceptual dependency is a theory of natural language processing
which mainly deals with representation of semantics of a language.
• Main motivations are:
• To construct computer program that can understand natural language.
• To help in the drawing of inference from sentences.
• To be independent of the words used in the original input.
• That is to say: For any 2 (or more) sentences that are identical in meaning
there should be only one representation of that meaning.
• CD provides:
• a structure into which nodes representing information can be placed
• a specific set of primitives
• at a given level of granularity.
• Sentences are represented as a series of diagrams depicting actions
using both abstract and real physical situations.
• The agent and the objects are represented
• The actions are built up from a set of primitive acts which can be modified by
tense.
Examples of Primitive Acts are:

ATRANS
-- Transfer of an abstract relationship. e.g. give.
PTRANS
-- Transfer of the physical location of an object. e.g. go.
PROPEL
-- Application of a physical force to an object. e.g. push.
MTRANS
-- Transfer of mental information. e.g. tell.
MBUILD
-- Construct new information from old. e.g. decide.
Examples of Primitive Acts are:

SPEAK
-- Utter a sound. e.g. say.
ATTEND
-- Focus a sense on a stimulus. e.g. listen, watch.
MOVE
-- Movement of a body part by owner. e.g. punch, kick.
GRASP
-- Actor grasping an object. e.g. clutch.
INGEST
-- Actor ingesting an object. e.g. eat.
EXPEL
-- Actor getting rid of an object from body. e.g. ????.
Six primitive conceptual categories provide building blocks which are the set of allowable dependencies in the
concepts in a sentence:
PP
-- Real world objects.
ACT
-- Real world actions.
PA
-- Attributes of objects.
AA
-- Attributes of actions.
T
-- Times.
LOC
-- Locations
FRAME

You might also like