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Chapter 4

This chapter discusses bridge loading, including: 1) Types of loads on bridges such as permanent loads from structure weight and transient live loads from traffic and pedestrians. 2) Standards for bridge loading from organizations like AASHTO, which specifies load factors and combinations for design. 3) Loads in the AASHTO 2005 specifications including dead loads, live loads, water loads, wind loads, seismic loads, and earth pressures. 4) Load factors and combinations that are applied to loads for design according to AASHTO 2005.

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Fuad Ahmedin
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27 views20 pages

Chapter 4

This chapter discusses bridge loading, including: 1) Types of loads on bridges such as permanent loads from structure weight and transient live loads from traffic and pedestrians. 2) Standards for bridge loading from organizations like AASHTO, which specifies load factors and combinations for design. 3) Loads in the AASHTO 2005 specifications including dead loads, live loads, water loads, wind loads, seismic loads, and earth pressures. 4) Load factors and combinations that are applied to loads for design according to AASHTO 2005.

Uploaded by

Fuad Ahmedin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

BRIDGE LOADING
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of loads
4.3 Different Standards
4.4 AASHTO 2005 Load
Specifications

4.5 AASHTO 2005 Load


Factors and Combinations
4.1 Introduction

 Bridges serve their function under different


loads
 Any of the limit states should not be
exceeded under the most unfavorable load
combinations
 First loads on superstructure and
substructure will be treated
 Then load factors and load combinations
4.2 Types of Loads

 Broadly classified into 2: permanent and transient loads


 These loads are considered for design and structural
evaluation of existing bridges

4.3 Different Standards for Bridge Loading


– American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
– DIN Standard (in Germany)
– BS 5400 (British Standard)
– Indian Roads Congress (IRC) Bridge Code
4.4 AASHTO 2005 Load Specifications

4.4.1 Dead Loads: DC, DW and EV (Art. 3.5)


 Weight of components of the structure,
appurtenances, utilities, earth cover, wearing
surface, future overlays and planned widenings
 These loads obtained from dimensions and unit
weights (Table 4.1)
4.4.2 Live Loads

a) Vehicular Live Loads


- Design truck or design tandem and
- Design lane load

(Art. 3.6.1.2)
Live Loads Contd. . .

b) Pedestrian Live Loads: 3.6kPa for side


walk>0.6m
c) Multiple Presence of Live Loads
d) Dynamic Load Allowance: IM(3.6.2)
Live Loads Contd . . .

e) Centrifugal Force:CE (Art. 3.6.3)

f) Braking Force: BR (Art. 3.6.4)


Live Loads Contd . . .

g) Vehicular Collision Force:CT (Art. 3.5.6.2)


 Any structure within a distance of 9m from edge of
highway for which collision protection is not provided,
CT of 1800kN 1.2m above surface will be considered
4.4.3 Water Loads: WA (Art. 3.7)

a) Static Pressure
b) Buoyancy
c) Stream pressure
i) Longitudinal
ii) Lateral
4.4.4 Wind Loads (Art. 3.8)

a) Wind Pressure on Structures: WS


In the absence of more precise data, the design wind
pressure, PD may be determined from
Defn. of terms
b) Wind Pressure on Vehicles: WL

 It is possible for the wind to blow when the


vehicle is on the bridge
 This is taken moving interruptible force with the
vehicle of 1.46kN/m acting normal and 1.8m
above roadway surface
c) Aeroelastic Instability
 Aeroelastic force effects considered for wind
sensitive components( span/depth or width>30)
4.4.5 Earthquake Effects: EQ

 Equivalent static EQ load Pe(x) is:


4.4.6 Earth Pressure: EH, ES, LS and DD

 Soil exerts lateral earth pressure on retaining walls


 Magnitude of earth pressure depends on
– Type and density of soil
– Soil-structure interaction
– Degree of compaction
– Location of GWT
– Amount of surcharge
– Earthquake effects
Two Earth Pressure Theories

 Rankine
– Assumptions are smooth and vertical wall, and
sufficient wall motion
 Coulomb
– Based on sliding wedge theory
– Wall friction is considered
– Cohesion is neglected
Earth Pressure Contd. . .

 Basic earth pressure varies linearly


P = kgh
a) At Rest Earth Pressure Coefficient, k0 = 1-sin’
b) Active Earth Pressure Coefficient, ka
c) Passive Earth Pressure Coefficient, kp
Surcharge Loads: Earth Surcharge(ES), and Live
Load Surcharge(LS)

ES is: p = ksqs, ks is k0, ka or kp as the case may be


LS is: p = ksgheq, ks is k0, ka or kp as the case may be
Load factors for permanent loads
4.6 AASHTO 2005 Load Factors & Load
Combinations

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