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Chapter 2

Tension members are structural members that carry pure tensile loads. They are designed to have sufficient cross-sectional area to resist the design load without exceeding allowable stresses. Connections must also be designed to meet stress limits. Net section properties must account for holes and be checked against tensile and block shear failure limits. Design involves verification of member strength against yielding, fracture, and block shear failure limit states.

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Fuad Ahmedin
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27 views

Chapter 2

Tension members are structural members that carry pure tensile loads. They are designed to have sufficient cross-sectional area to resist the design load without exceeding allowable stresses. Connections must also be designed to meet stress limits. Net section properties must account for holes and be checked against tensile and block shear failure limits. Design involves verification of member strength against yielding, fracture, and block shear failure limit states.

Uploaded by

Fuad Ahmedin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter-2

Design of Tension Members


Introduction
 Tension members are structural members that carry pure tension loads.
 They are efficient carriers of load and are used encountered in most
steel structures.
 The selection of their cross section is one of the simplest and most
straightforward procedures encountered in the design of steel
components.
 Since stability is of minor concern with tension members, the process
of designing such structural members is reduced to:
 selecting a section with sufficient cross-sectional area to carry the
design load without exceeding the design tensile stress
 proportioning connections so that all relevant design specifications
are met with regard to arrangement as well as stress limitations.
Cont’d
Tension members are frequently subjected to bending stresses in
addition to the principal tensile forces.
Tension members may consist of a single structural shape or they
may be built up from a member of structural shapes

Heavy rolled and built up section


Cont’d
In general the use of single structural shapes is more economical than built
up sections. However, the latter may be required under any of the
following situations:
the tensile capacity of a single rolled section is not sufficient.

the L/r ratio (the ratio of the unbraced length to the minimum radius of
gyration) does not provide sufficient rigidity.
the effect of bending combined with the tensile behavior requires a
large lateral stiffness
usual connection details require a particular cross section

esthetic control
Cont’d

 Types of tension members:

 Steel cables in suspension

 cab1e-stayed bridges,

 cab1e-supported roofs,

 radio communication towers and power transmission


towers
 those cables in parts of hoisting equipment
Cont’d
 Types of tension members
Cont’d

Hidasie Bridge [Gohatsion to Dejen]


Design consideration
A member subject to axial tension is supposed to develop a
uniform tensile stress across the entire cross-sectional area.

The preconditions for such assumption are as follow:

Axial force is acting along the centroid of the cross section

No bending moment exists on the section

Inter-connections of members or joints are such that the


center of gravity of the member is collinear; that is, it has
no eccentricity with the joint.
Cont’d
 Nominal Strength
The strength of a tension member may be described in terms of limit states that
govern.

The controlling strength limit state for a tension member will be one of the
following:
a) Yielding of the gross cross-section of the member away from the connection.
b) Fracture of the effective net area (i.e., through the holes) at the connection or
c) Block shear fracture through the bolt holes at the connection.
Cont’d
The nominal strength Tn of tension member without holes

where T n = nominal strength

f y = yield stress
Ag = gross cross-sectional area
Cont’d
 For tension members having holes for rivets and bolts, the reduced
cross section is referred to as the net area.
The determination of the net section involves the geometric spacing
of the holes made to accommodate the connecting bolts and rivets.
 The net area of a cross-section or element section shall be taken as
its gross area less appropriate deductions for all holes and other
openings.
 When the fastener holes are not staggered the total area to be
deducted should be the maximum sum of the sectional areas of the
holes in any cross-section perpendicular to the member axis.
no Where: Ag = gross cross-sectional
A eff  Ag 
area 
i 1
d o ,i t i
do,i = hole diameter at section i
tj = thickness of the section at i
Staggered holes on the net area
 Take any reasonable and possible path across a chain of holes
and deduct one hole width for each bolt hole encountered. 2
s
 For each change in direction from hole to the next hole, add
4p
Where s is pitch or longitudinal distance between adjacent holes
and g is gauge distance between adjacent holes across the width
In general, the net sectional area Aeff can be determined from:
The controlling critical failure path is that which gives:
The largest stress on an effective net area.
The path that has minimum net area
n0 np
 s2 
A eff  Ag   d 0.i t i     t j
i 1 i 1  4 g  j
Angles
 In an angle with holes in more than one plane, the gage shall be
measured along the center line of thickness of the material thus,
the gage distance g is;
Block shear
 When thin plates are attached by bolts, a tearing limit state, known as block
shear, may control the strength of a tension member.
Ethiopian Building Code Standard EBCS 3, 1995
The design value of the effective resistance, Veff,Rd,

Where = 1.1 = partial safety factor


= specified minimum yield stress of steel
Av,eff = effective shear area subject to block shear
Av,eff = t (Lv + L1 + L2 – ndo)

t = thickness of web
Limit state design of tension members
 Limit state design of tension members requires verification of the
member to withstand various kinds of failures related to tensile
strength both in gross cross section and in effective net section.
 As per EBCS-3,1995:
N t .sd  N L , RD

where, Nt, Rd = design tension resistance capacity of the


cross-section
Nt,Rd is smaller of and
Ag x f y 0.9 x Aeff x fU
N Pi , RD  NU , 
 MO RD
 M2

γMO = 1.1 and while γM2 = 1.25


Cont’d
AISC-LRFD Specification
t Pn  Pu
where Pn = the design tensile strength of the cross section
t = 0.9 is the appropriate resistance factor in tension
 Yielding in the cross section away from the joint should be avoided to
prevent excessive deformation that results when steel yields. t Pn =
t fy Ag
The design strength from fracture in effective net section evaluated
from the equation: t Pn  t fu Ae
t = 0.75 = resistance factor for fracture in tension
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength of the material
Ae= effective net cross-sectional area of the member
Pn = nominal axial strength

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