ELT-384 Communication Networks (3+1)

Week-1
1. Introduction to Data
Communication
2. Components of Network Criteria
3. Topologies
For
6th Semester
BS Electronics Engineering,
Department of Science & Technology,
Indus University, Karachi
By
Engr. Shaikh Zia ur Rheman

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 ELT-384 Communication Networks (3+1)

Lectures Learning Outcomes of This Week

After Attending these lectures student will be able:
“To understand the concepts of Data Communication,
Components of communication , Network Criteria & Topologies of
networks”

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What is … ?
 Communication
 Information transfer, according to agreed conventions
using hand signals, language, Morse code, smoke signals
etc.
 Telecommunication
 Communication at a distance, includes telephony,
telegraphy, television etc.
 Data Communication
 Transfer of data from one or more sources to one or more
destinations.
 Computer Network
 A network of data processing nodes that are
interconnected for the purpose of data communication.
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Components of data
communication system

Sender, Receiver, Message , Medium, Protocol

A set of rules that
governs data The data
communication (information) to be
communicated

The physical path

by which a
message travels
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Data communication system
 Its effectiveness depends upon three
characteristics …
 Delivery
 To deliver data to correct destination
 Accuracy
 To deliver data accurately
 Timeliness
 To deliver data in a timely manner

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Data representation
 Text
 ASCII
 Extended ASCII
 Unicode
 ISO
 Numbers
 Images
 Audio
 Video
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Direction of data flow
 Simplex

 Half-duplex

 Full-duplex

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 What is a
network?
 It is a set of devices
(nodes) connected by
communication links.

 A node can be a
computer or printer
etc.

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Why make a network?
 Because of networks we can …
 Share resources ( Peripherals, files,
internet connection etc.)
 Communicate and collaborate
 Save data

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Network criteria
 Three most important criteria for
evaluating a network are …
 Performance
 Reliability
 Security

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Types of Connection

 Point-to-point

 Multipoint

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Point-to-point connection

 Provides a dedicated link between devices.

 Entire capacity of the link is reserved for the
two devices.

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Multipoint connection

 More than two specific devices share a

single link.
 The capacity of the channel is shared.

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Network Topology
 It refers to the way in which a network is laid
out physically.
 It is a geometric representation of the
relationship of all the links and linking
devices to one another.

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 Mesh topology
 Every device has a
dedicated point-to-point
link to every other
device.
 A fully connected mesh
network has n(n-1)/2
physical channels to
connect n devices with
each device having n-1
I/O ports.
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Star topology
 Each device has a dedicated point-to-point
link to a central controller (usually a hub).
 Less expensive than mesh.

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Bus topology
 One long cable acts as a backbone to link
all devices.
 Multipoint connection (shared link)

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Ring topology
 Each device has a dedicated point-to-point
connection only with two other devices.
 A signal is passed along the ring in one
direction.

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Categories of networks
 A Network is categorized with respect to its
size, its ownership, the distance it covers
and its physical architecture.

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Local Area Network (LAN)
 Smaller scope
 Building or small campus
 Usually owned by same organization
as attached devices
 Data rates much higher
 Usually broadcast systems

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LAN

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Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN)
 Middle ground between LAN and WAN
 May be owned by Private company or a service
provided by a public company
 Large area

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Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Large geographical area
 Crossing public rights of way
 Rely in part on common carrier circuits

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Interconnection of Networks:
Internetwork

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 Layered Tasks
 The concept of
layered tasks
is common in
our daily life,
e.g. postal
mail.

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What is a protocol?
 It is a set of rules that governs data
communication

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Standardized Protocol
Architectures
 Required for devices to communicate
 Vendors have more marketable products
 Customers can insist on standards based
equipment
 Two standards:
 OSI Reference model
 Never lived up to early promises
 TCP/IP protocol suite
 Most widely used
 Also: IBM Systems Network Architecture
(SNA)
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 The OSI Model
 International Standards Organization (ISO)
 An organization dedicated to worldwide
agreement on international standards.

 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

 An ISO standard/model that covers all aspects
of network communications.

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OSI Model
 All
 People
 Seems
 To
 Need
 Data
 Processing

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The OSI model

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OSI
vs.
TCP/IP

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Internet (TCP/IP) Model

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 Protocol Hierarchies

 The entities
comprising the
corresponding
layers on
different
machines are
called peers.

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Protocol Hierarchies

Layer 5
(Application)

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Protocol Hierarchies

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 Protocol Hierarchies

PDU
Fragmentation

Assembly

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Internet Layers

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 Physical Layer
 It is responsible for transmitting
individual bits from one node to the
next.
 It is mainly concerned with …
 Characteristics of transmission medium
 Signal levels
 Data rates

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 Data Link Layer
 It is responsible for transmitting frames from
one node to the next.
 Its major duties are …
 Framing
 Physical Addressing
 Flow Control
 Error Control
 Access Control

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Node to node delivery
 A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with
physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link.
 At the data link level this frame contains physical addresses in
the header. These are the only addresses needed.
 The rest of the header contains other information needed at
this level.
 The trailer usually contains extra bits needed for error
detection

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Node to node delivery

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Network Layer
 Responsible for the delivery of packets from the
original source to the final destination.
 Performs routing functions across multiple
networks
 Implemented in end systems and routers

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Source to destination delivery

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Source to destination delivery

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 Transport Layer
 It is responsible for delivery of a message
from one process to another.
 Its major functions are …
 Port Addressing
 Connection Control
 Flow Control
 Error Control

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Process to process delivery

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Process to process delivery

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Application Layer
 It is responsible for providing services to the
user.

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Summary

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Addresses
 Four levels of addresses are used in
an internet employing the TCP/IP
protocols:

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Addresses

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Some Protocols in TCP/IP Suite

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ELT-384 Communication Networks (3+1)

Questions and Answers from Lectures

and
Summary of Topics Covered in This
Week
Assessment of Learning from
Lectures
Homework/Group Discussion/Assignment/Quiz etc

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Things you need to know …

 Text Book:
 Data Communications and Networking
 Behrouz A. Forouzan
 Reference Books:
 Computer Networks - Andrew S. Tanenbaum.
 Data and Computer Communications - W. Stallings

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