University of Gondar

IOT: Department of Electrical &Computer

Eng.
Advanced Computer
Networks [ECEg5201]

Advanced Computer Networks

 Chapter One

Introduction to Computer Networks

Advanced Computer Networks

Background for Networks
3

 [ARPANET]: 1969

 [ALOHA, Ethernet, DECNet, SNA]: 1970’s

 [Ethernet, Token Ring]: 1980’s

 High speed LAN, MAN, ATM: 1987

 High speed WAN (NSFNET, 45Mbps): 1990

 High speed Ethernet (Fast Ethernet,…): 1993

 Gigabit Ethernet: 1998

Advanced Computer Networks

What is Network?
4

• A network is a set of communication elements connected

by communication links.
• In order to transfer a data from one node to another node,
network should be established.
Communication elements:
• Computers, printers, mobile phones, Routers,
switches, and so on.

Advanced Computer Networks

 …
5

• An interconnected collection of autonomous computers is

called a computer network.
• Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able
to exchange the information.
 Example: “network of networks”  Internet

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Cont’
6

Communication links:

 Wired: optic fiber, coaxial cable, twisted

pair

 Wireless: radio, microwave, satellite

 Topologies: Ring, Star, Bus, Tree, Mesh

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Cont’
7
Example of Networks
⚫ Internet

⚫ X.25, Frame Relay and ATM

⚫ Ethernet

⚫ Wireless LANs

⚫ …etc.

Advanced Computer Networks

Computer Networks: Applications
8

Business Applications:
 Resource sharing
 Providing communication medium
 Doing business electronically
Home Applications:
 Access to remote information
 Person-to-person communication
 Interactive entertainment
Advanced Computer Networks
Cont’
9

Mobile Users:
 Combinations of wireless networks and mobile
computing.

Social Issues:
 Politics
 Religion
 Crime

Advanced Computer Networks

Network Categories
10

⚫ Local Area Networks

⚫ Metropolitan Area Networks

⚫ Wide Area Networks

⚫ Wireless Networks

 Bluetooth
 Wireless LANs(802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g)
 Wireless WANs (802.16, Cellular telephones, Satellites)
 WSN, MANET and VANET
Advanced Computer Networks
 Internetworks
11

⚫ A collection of interconnected networks is called an

internetwork or internet.
⚫ The internet is a vast collection of different networks that

use certain common protocols and provide certain common

services.

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 Cont’
12

Internet applications:
⚫ E-mail

⚫ News

⚫ Remote login

⚫ File transfer

 Internet Service Providers (ISP) offer individual users at

home, the ability to call up one of their machines and connect

to the Internet to access all kinds of services.
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Protocol and its Hierarchies
13

⚫ Protocol: an agreement between the communication

parties on how communication is to proceed.

⚫ A list of protocols used by a certain system, one protocol

per layer is called Protocol stack.

⚫ A series of layers (levels)

⚫ The lower layer provides service to higher layers.

⚫ Peers: the corresponding layers on different machines.

⚫ Network architecture: a set of layers and protocols.

Advanced Computer Networks
 Peers

14

Virtual
Communication

Physical
Communication

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Design issues for Layers
15

 Identify senders and receivers: multiple computers and

processes
 Data transfer: simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex
communication
 Error control: error detection & error correction
 Addressing (eg. IP addressing)
 Routing (directing traffic to the destination)
 Length of messages and so on.
Advanced Computer Networks
How data transfer?
16

⚫ When data is transferred over the local network, it

occurs using layer 2 protocols.

MAC addresses
⚫ When data is transferred outside the local network, it

occurs using Layer-3 protocols for routing.

IP addresses

Advanced Computer Networks

Data transfer over the network
17

Advanced Computer Networks

Cont’
18

D
B
(IP, Port, Data)

(IP, Port, Data)

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Reference Models-OSI
19

 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model

was developed by the International Organization for

Standardization (ISO).
 It is a framework for developing protocol standards.
 It has seven layers

Advanced Computer Networks

Design principle of the OSI reference model
20

⚫ A layer should be created where a different abstraction is

needed.
⚫ Each layer should perform a well defined function

⚫ The function of each layer can be chosen as an international

standard.
⚫ The layer boundaries should be chosen to minimize the

information flow across the interfaces.

⚫ The number of layers should be not too large or not too
small.
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OSI Reference model: The Seven Layers
21

Advanced Computer Networks

Data flow in the OSI model
22

Advanced Computer Networks

Seven Layers and Their Functionality
23

End System A End System B

Application layer Application-specific protocols
7
Presentation layer Data representation formats
6
Session layer Dialog control
5
End-to-end data transport
Transport layer 4
Routing
Network layer 3
Next-neighbor error and flow
Data Link layer 2
control
Physical layer Physical data transfer 1

Physical link
Advanced Computer Networks
TCP/IP
24

⚫ Alternative to OSI

⚫ Also called TCP/IP stack

⚫ More relevant for network designer

Four layers:
⚫ Network interface(Physical +Data link of OSI)

⚫ Network

⚫ Internet

⚫ Application(Application, session and presentation of OSI)

Advanced Computer Networks
Cont’
25

Problems:
⚫ Service, interface, and protocol not distinguished

⚫ Not a general model

⚫ Host-to-network “layer” not really a layer (is an interface)

⚫ No mention of physical and data link layers

⚫ Minor protocols deeply entrenched, hard to replace

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Cont’
26

⚫ However, many protocols have been developed in the context of

OSI, the TCP/IP architecture has come to dominated and

widely used.

⚫ It is the protocol architecture of the Internet

⚫ A family of protocols that makes the Internet works

Advanced Computer Networks

Cont’
27

Lay Protocol Device PDU Addressi

er ng
7,6 Applicati http,ftp& Gateway data data
&5 on Smtp
4 Transpor UDP, TCP Firewall segment DNS=53
t http=80
3 Internet IP,ICMP Router Packet IP
ARP addressing

2 &1 Link Ethernet Bridge Frame MAC

Frame- addressing
relay
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Network Standardization
28

⚫ Who’s Who in the Telecommunications World

⚫ Who’s Who in the International Standards World

⚫ Who’s Who in the Internet Standards World

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Cont’
29

 International Standard
•International Standards Organization (ISO)
Example: IEEE
 Telecommunication
• International Telecommunication Union
(ITU)
 Internet Standard
• Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• Request for Comments (RFC)
Advanced Computer Networks
IEEE 802 standards
30

 IEEE has standardized a number of LANs and MANs under the

name of IEEE 802.
⚫ IEEE 802.3:Ethernet
⚫ IEEE 802.4: Token-bus

⚫ IEEE 802.5: Token-ring

⚫ IEEE 802.10: Virtual LANS

⚫ IEEE 802.11: Wireless LANs

⚫ IEEE 802.15: Bluetooth

⚫ IEEE 802.16: Broadband wireless

Advanced Computer Networks

Network requirements
30

⚫ Consistency: Predictable response time, accurate (no data loss).

⚫ Performance: Response time, number of users,

transmission
speed, media type and others.

⚫ Reliability: Average time between failures and recovery

after
failure.

⚫ Security: Unauthorized access to hardware and software.

⚫ Applications: Should support easy application

(email,
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 32

Advanced Computer Networks