Learning

Learning
Presented by
Aneela Ansari
BSN.RN
Nursing Instructor
Learning objectives
 Define learning
 Understand types of learning
 Define and describe the classical conditioning
 Define and describe the operational conditioning
 Explains Factors affecting learning
 Methods of learning
Learning
Learning is the acquisition of habits, knowledge and attitudes
OR
Modification of behavior through experience and practice.
 Learning is always goal directed.

 Need for learning is experienced when the person find difficulty in achieving
goal with already present learnt skills.
 So learning is required to modify the behavior.
Nature of learning
 Learning is a process
 It involves all those experiences and training of an individual which helps to
change his behavior.
 Learning prepares the individual to adjust and adopt in the situations.
 All the learning is purpose oriented and goal oriented.
 Learning is universal and continuous.
 It is never ending process that goes womb to tomb.
Types of learning
 Motor learning
Learning the movements of muscles to control and regulate these movements is
called the motor learning.
Running, sitting and swimming etc.
 Sensory learning.
Learning through sense organs called sensory learning.
It starts from infancy to other developmental stages.
 Sensory-motor leaning.
Learning through coordination between sensory organs and motor activities
called sensory and motor learning.
Theories of learning
1. Trial and error learning
2. Conditioning
3. Insight learning
1) Trial And Error Learning
 Thorndike is the founder of this theory.

 It states that at the start of learning a task, it takes long time to complete a
task and many mistakes or errors committed in the course.
 As trials continuously increase, it is accompanied by decrease in time and
errors so as to learn a task completely without making any errors.
He formulated three laws of learning.
1. Laws of exercise
2. Law of readiness
3. Law of effect
Stages of learning by Thorndike
various stages of learning can be given as follows,

1. Motivation
2. Barriers
3. Varied response
4. Sudden success
5. Repetition of successful response
6. Strengthening of response
7. Achievement of goal
limitation
1. Applicable to children, abnormal and animal but cannot be applied to

intellectually bright person
2. It has not given any role to the cognitive functions of the brain which paly
vital role in learning.
3. It gives importance to blind and mechanical attempts and gives no
importance to insight learning.
4. Ethically and morally this theory cant be applicable on human.
5. Gives no importance to conditioning.
conditioning
 Refers to association of a response with a stimulus.

It is of two types.
1) Classical conditioning
2) Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning pavlov)
The process of bonding unconditioned response with unnatural (condition) stimuli
is called conditioned response.
1st stage
Food (UCS) salivation (UCR)
Bell no salivation
2nd stage
Bell food no salivation
3rd stage
Bell salivation
Extinction:
If UCS is completely stopped than after some time lapse, CR stopped appearing
with CS.
Spontaneous Recovery:
After extinction, the response is learned in further trials quickly. The sudden
reappearance of extinct response after some rest is called spontaneous
recovery.
Operant conditioning (B.F. Skinner)
 Learning response operates on the environment to get reward is called

operant or instrumental conditioning.
 Reward or benefit which strengthen a response and increase its chances of
repetition is called reinforcement.
Reinforcement is of two type.
1. Continuous: rewarding of desired response every time, it is produced.
2. Partial: rewarding some of the desired responses and skipping some.
Responses learnt with partial reinforcement take more time to extinct .
partial reinforcement makes the learning more strongly held than continuous
reinforcement.
Avoidance learning
Learning of a response to avoid some aversive stimulus is called avoidance

leaning.
 Such response give relief and this relief serves as reinforcement.
 E.g. a child hides in mothers leg after seeing a dog, this response gives relief
from fear of dog.
Reinforcement
Reinforcement is the introduction of a favorable condition that will make

the desired behavior more likely to happen, continue or strengthen in the
future.
There are 2 types of reinforcement are:
 Positive reinforcement – adding a factor to increase a behavior
 Negative reinforcement – removing a factor to increase a behavior
Insight learning
 It focus on cognitive processes in learning.

 It is proposed by the gestalt school.
 Its founder is Wertheimer. Kohler worked on this theory with more
systematically conducted experiments.
He believes that learning is not based on mechanically blind trials or accidental

conditioning but it is purposive, exploratory and creative. Once the insight about
solution is developed, it is learnt. Individual does not require repetition or
exercise on any response.
Characteristics of insight learning
 Motivation
 Goal
 Problem
 Hesitation, trial, pause and attention of the goal
 Perception as a whole
 Sudden success
 Insight is gifted
 Insight is related to intelligence and maturity
 Learning with insight.
Barriers of learning
 Motivation
 Practice
 Nature of learning material
 Learning method
 Environmental factors
Learner related factors
 Interest
 Drugs
 Trauma
 Age
 Intelligence
 Mental set
 Health
 emotions
Methods of learning
 massed vs spaced learning
Total learning material is learnt continuously without taking any pause or break
without rest is massed leaning
Spaced learning Is based on intermittent intervals of rest
 Whole vs part learning
Total length of material is learnt in one effort or attempt is called whole
learning.
In part learning, the given material is divided into different parts
Knowledge of result
 Knowledge of result
 Recitation vs reading
To revise the material within the mind is recitation
Reading is going through the learning material
 Serial vs free recall
 Incidental vs intentional reading

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Learning

 Learning is always goal directed.

1. Trial and error learning

 Thorndike is the founder of this theory.

various stages of learning can be given as follows,

1. Applicable to children, abnormal and animal but cannot be applied to

 Refers to association of a response with a stimulus.

 Learning response operates on the environment to get reward is called

Learning of a response to avoid some aversive stimulus is called avoidance

Reinforcement is the introduction of a favorable condition that will make

 It focus on cognitive processes in learning.

He believes that learning is not based on mechanically blind trials or accidental

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