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Extreme Values

The document discusses extreme values of functions, including: - The extreme value theorem states that if a function is continuous on a closed interval, it must attain a maximum and minimum value. - Relative extrema are the local maxima and minima of a function's graph, which can be determined using the first and second derivative tests. Absolute extrema are the global maximum and minimum values of a function over a given interval. - Examples are provided to illustrate the differences between relative and absolute extrema. Practical applications of finding extreme values include determining optimal business prices, overtime hours, and dosage amounts in pharmacology.

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Amna Mehmood
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205 views24 pages

Extreme Values

The document discusses extreme values of functions, including: - The extreme value theorem states that if a function is continuous on a closed interval, it must attain a maximum and minimum value. - Relative extrema are the local maxima and minima of a function's graph, which can be determined using the first and second derivative tests. Absolute extrema are the global maximum and minimum values of a function over a given interval. - Examples are provided to illustrate the differences between relative and absolute extrema. Practical applications of finding extreme values include determining optimal business prices, overtime hours, and dosage amounts in pharmacology.

Uploaded by

Amna Mehmood
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Extreme values of Functions

Group Members

• Amna Mehmood • Laiba Manzoor


2022-CPE-13 2022-CPE-21

• Najum Haider • Ali Asghar


2022-CPE-23 2022-CPE-15
• Malaika Basheer • Rubab Jamshaid
2022-CPE-14 2022-CPE-22
Table of content:
• Extreme Value Theorem
• Relative Extrema
• Absolute Extrema
• Difference between relative and absolute extremes
• Practical Application in daily life
• References
• Conclusion
What is Extreme value theorem?

• In calculus, the extreme value theorem states that if a real-valued function is


continuous on the closed interval , then must attain a maximum and a
minimum value, each at least once. 
Continuity of a function:

Suppose f is a real function on a subset of the real numbers and let c be a point
in the domain of f. Then f is continuous at c if

We can elaborate the above definition as, if the left-hand limit, right-hand limit, and the function’s value at x
= c exist and are equal to each other, the function f is continuous at x = c.
Here the speed time graph shows the
inverse relation between speed and time
but the graph is continuous.
What are Relative Extremes?

• Graphically, relative extrema are the peaks and valleys of the graph of a


function, peaks being the points of relative maxima and valleys being the
points of relative minima. The combination of relative maxima and minima
is called the relative extrema.
• They are also called local extrema.
What does they tell?

• The relative extrema of a function indicate the behavior of the function and


tell the points where the function has maxima or minima.

• First Derivative Test and Second Derivative Test are the two most commonly
used methods to determine the relative extrema.
•Relative Maxima - A point x = b is said to be the point of relative maxima
for f(x) if in the 𝛿-neighborhood of b i.e in (b−𝛿, b+𝛿) where 𝛿 can be made
arbitrarily small, f(x) < f(b) for all x ∈ (b−𝛿, b+𝛿)∖{b}. In other words, if we
consider a small region (interval) around x = b, f(b) should be the maximum
in that interval.

The function has maximum values at


these points, and hence x = b and x = d
are the points of relative maxima.
Relative Minima - A point x = a is said to be point of relative
minima for f(x) if in the neighbourhood of a, i.e. in (a−𝛿,a+𝛿),
where 𝛿 can be made arbitrarily small, f(x) > f(a) for all x ∈
(a−𝛿,a+𝛿)∖{a} . In simple words, if we consider a small interval
around x = a , f(a) should be the minimum in that interval.
Absolute Extremes:

• An absolute extremum of a function in a given interval is


the point at which a maximum or minimum value of the
function is obtained.

• They are also called Global Extrema.


 fwill have an absolute minimum f(c)
and an absolute maximum f(d) at
some values c and d in the interval.
Example:
Find absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of

Solution:
We evaluate the function at the critical points and endpoints
and take the largest and smallest of the resulting values.
The first derivative:

has no zeros but is undefined at the interior point The values of


ƒ at this one critical point and at the end points are:

We can see from this list


that the function’s
absolute maximum
value is
Steps for finding Absolute Extremes:

• Find all critical numbers of f in the open interval (a,b).


• Evaluate f at each critical number and at both endpoints.
• The smallest value is the absolute minimum, and the largest
value is the absolute maximum.
Difference between relative and absolute
extrema:
•  relative extrema will refer to the relative minimums and
maximums while absolute extrema refer to the absolute
minimums and maximums
Example 1 Identify the absolute extrema and relative
extrema for the following function.
f(x)=x2 on [−1,2]

SOLUTION:

we only want the graph on the interval [−1,2][−1,2].

 It looks like we’ve got a relative and absolute


minimum of zero at x=0  and an absolute maximum
of four at x=2 . Note that  x=−1  is not a relative
maximum since it is at the end point of the interval.
This function doesn’t have any relative maximums.
Practical Application in Daily Life:

Extreme value theorem can help to calculate the


maximum and minimum prices that a
business should charge for its goods
and services. A manager can calculate
maximum and minimum overtime
hours or productivity rates,
and a salesman can figure out how many
sales he or she has to make in a year.
Use in Pharmacology:

EVT is also useful in pharmacology.


A pharmacist can use EVT to figure
out the smallest dosage they can
give to someone to still be effective,
or the largest dosage that they can
give without causing harm.
Use in Meteorology:
Meteorological phenomena that involves extreme pressures ,
temperatures, rainfall and wind velocities etc..
May treated by extreme value techniques
Conclusion:

If f is continuous on a closed interval


[a,b], then f attains both an absolute
maximum value and an absolute
minimum value at some numbers in
[a,b].
References:

• The extreme value theorem was originally proven by Bernard


Bolzano in the 1830s in a work Function Theory but the work
remained unpublished until 1930.
ANY QUESTION…..

?
Thank You

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