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DBMS PPT - 3

Single-row functions return one result per row by manipulating data items. They accept arguments and return a single value, acting on each row returned. Common single-row functions include case-manipulation functions like LOWER() and UPPER() to change case, character-manipulation functions like CONCAT() and SUBSTR() to modify strings, number functions like ROUND() and TRUNC() to format numbers, and date functions like MONTHS_BETWEEN() and ADD_MONTHS() to work with dates. These functions allow customizing output and filtering results.

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74 views21 pages

DBMS PPT - 3

Single-row functions return one result per row by manipulating data items. They accept arguments and return a single value, acting on each row returned. Common single-row functions include case-manipulation functions like LOWER() and UPPER() to change case, character-manipulation functions like CONCAT() and SUBSTR() to modify strings, number functions like ROUND() and TRUNC() to format numbers, and date functions like MONTHS_BETWEEN() and ADD_MONTHS() to work with dates. These functions allow customizing output and filtering results.

Uploaded by

Shantanu Dash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Using Single-Row Functions to

Customize Output
SQL Functions

Input Output

Function

arg 1 Function performs


action
arg 2
Result
value

arg n
Two Types of SQL Functions

Functions

Single-row Multiple-row
functions
functions
Return one result Return one result
per row per set of rows
Single-Row Functions

Single-row functions:
• Manipulate data items
• Accept arguments and return one value
• Act on each row that is returned
• Return one result per row
• May modify the data type
• Can be nested
• Accept arguments that can be a column or an
expression

function_name [(arg1, arg2,...)]


Character Functions

Character

functions

Case-manipulation Character-manipulation
functions functions

LOWER CONCAT
UPPER
INITCAP SUBSTR

LENGTH
INSTR
LPAD | RPAD
TRIM
REPLACE
Case-Manipulation Functions

These functions convert case for character strings:


Function Result
LOWER('SQL Course') sql course
UPPER('SQL Course') SQL COURSE
INITCAP('SQL Course') Sql Course
Using Case-Manipulation Functions

Display the employee number, name, and department


number for employee Higgins:
SELECT employee_id, last_name, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name =
'higgins'; no rows selected

SELECT employee_id, last_name, department_id


FROM employees
WHERE LOWER(last_name) = 'higgins';
Character-Manipulation Functions

These functions manipulate character strings:


Function Result
CONCAT('Hello', 'World') HelloWorld
SUBSTR('HelloWorld',1,5) Hello
LENGTH('HelloWorld') 10
INSTR('HelloWorld', 'W') 6
LPAD(salary,10,'*') *****24000
RPAD(salary, 10, '*') 24000*****
REPLACE BLACK and BLUE
('JACK and JUE','J','BL')

TRIM('H' FROM 'HelloWorld') elloWorld


Using the Character-Manipulation Functions

1
SELECT employee_id, CONCAT(first_name, last_name) NAME,
job_id, LENGTH (last_name), 2
INSTR(last_name, 'a') "Contains 'a'?"
FROM employees 3
WHERE SUBSTR(job_id, 4) = 'REP';

1 2 3
Number Functions

• ROUND: Rounds value to specified decimal


• TRUNC: Truncates value to specified decimal
• MOD: Returns remainder of division
Function Result
ROUND(45.926, 2) 45.93
TRUNC(45.926, 2) 45.92
MOD(1600, 300) 100
Using the ROUND
Function

1 2
SELECT ROUND(45.923,2), ROUND(45.923,0) ,
ROUND(45.923,-1) 3
FROM DUAL;

1 2
3

DUAL is a dummy table that you can use to view


results from functions and calculations.
Using the TRUNC
Function

1 2
SELECT TRUNC(45.923,2), TRUNC(45.923),
TRUNC(45.923,-1) 3
FROM DUAL;

1 2 3
Using the MOD
Function

For all employees with job title of Sales Representative,


calculate the remainder of the salary after it is divided by
5,000.
SELECT last_name, salary, MOD(salary, 5000)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'SA_REP';
Working with Dates

• The Oracle database stores dates in an internal numeric


format: century, year, month, day, hours, minutes, and
seconds.
• The default date display format is DD-MON-RR.
– Enables you to store 21st-century dates in the
20th century by specifying only the last two digits of
the year
– Enables you to store 20th-century dates in the
21st century in the same way
SELECT last_name, hire_date
FROM employees
WHERE hire_date < '01-
FEB-88';
Working with Dates

SYSDATE is a function that


returns:
• Date
• Time
Arithmetic with Dates

• Add or subtract a number to or from a date for a


resultant date value.
• Subtract two dates to find the number of days
between those dates.
• Add hours to a date by dividing the number of
hours by 24.
Using Arithmetic Operators
with Dates

SELECT last_name, (SYSDATE-hire_date)/7 AS WEEKS


(SYSDATE-hire_date)/7 AS WEEKS
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 90;
Date Functions

Function Result
MONTHS_BETWEEN Number of months between two dates
ADD_MONTHS Add calendar months to date
NEXT_DAY Next day of the date specified
LAST_DAY Last day of the month
ROUND Round date
TRUNC Truncate date
Using Date Functions

Function Result
MONTHS_BETWEEN 19.6774194
('01-SEP-95','11-JAN-94')
ADD_MONTHS ('11-JAN-94',6) '11-JUL-94'
NEXT_DAY ('01-SEP-95','FRIDAY') '08-SEP-95'
LAST_DAY ('01-FEB-95') '28-FEB-95'
Using Date Functions

Assume SYSDATE = '25-JUL-03':


Function Result
ROUND(SYSDATE,'MONTH') 01-AUG-03
ROUND(SYSDATE ,'YEAR') 01-JAN-04
TRUNC(SYSDATE ,'MONTH') 01-JUL-03
TRUNC(SYSDATE ,'YEAR') 01-JAN-03
THANK YOU

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