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    Digestion & Absorption

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    Doghouse
    The document discusses digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. It describes how the digestive system reduces the size of food particles, helps absorb nutrients, and acts as a barrier. The main parts that digest food are the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas. The stomach contains acid that activates enzymes and partially digests protein. The small intestine completes most digestion and absorption, using folds in its walls to increase surface area. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are broken down into simpler molecules that can then be absorbed and used by the body.

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    Digestion & Absorption

    Uploaded by

    Doghouse
    64 views18 pages
    The document discusses digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. It describes how the digestive system reduces the size of food particles, helps absorb nutrients, and acts as a barrier. The main parts that digest food are the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas. The stomach contains acid that activates enzymes and partially digests protein. The small intestine completes most digestion and absorption, using folds in its walls to increase surface area. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are broken down into simpler molecules that can then be absorbed and used by the body.

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    The document discusses digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. It describes how the digestive system reduces the size of food particles, helps absorb nutrients, and acts as a barrier. The main parts that digest food are the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas. The stomach contains acid that activates enzymes and partially digests protein. The small intestine completes most digestion and absorption, using folds in its walls to increase surface area. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are broken down into simpler molecules that can then be absorbed and used by the body.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    64 views18 pages

    Digestion & Absorption

    Uploaded by

    Doghouse
    The document discusses digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. It describes how the digestive system reduces the size of food particles, helps absorb nutrients, and acts as a barrier. The main parts that digest food are the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas. The stomach contains acid that activates enzymes and partially digests protein. The small intestine completes most digestion and absorption, using folds in its walls to increase surface area. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are broken down into simpler molecules that can then be absorbed and used by the body.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 18

    DIGESTION &

    ABSORPTION

    SRK
    Digestive System

    Reduces particle size


    Helps to absorb micronutrients and trace elements
    Sets a physical and immunologic barrier
    Digestion
    Breaks down
    Carbohydrates (starch and sugar) → single sugar
    molecules
    Proteins → amino acids
    Fats → fatty acids, glycerol
    Peristalsis

    Muscular
    contractions that
    move food along
    throughout GI tract
    Stomach Acid
    Activates digestive enzymes
    Partially digests dietary protein
    Assists in calcium absorption
    Makes dietary minerals soluble for absorption
    The Small Intestine

    Most digestion and absorption happens here


    About 5-7 meters
     Duodenum (.5 meters)
     Jejunum (2-3 meters)
     Ileum (3-4 meters)
    The Small Intestine
    Folded walls with villi projections
    Absorptive cells are located on the villi
    Increases intestinal surface area 600x
    Rapid cell turnover
    POINTS TO BE DISCUSSED

    Carbohydrate digestion & absorption


    Protein digestion & absorption
    Fats digestion & absorption
    Carbohydrate Digestion & Absorption

    Daily intake of carbohydrates represent apprpx.50-


    60% of the diet.
    Large carbohydrate molecules contain long chain
    polysaccharides. ex: glycogen, cellulose, starch etc.
    Large molecules will be converted as disaccharides. Ex:
    sucrose, lactose, maltose etc..
    Disaccharides will be converted as monosaccharides.
    Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose.
    Absorbable form of carbohydrates are
    monosaccharides & absorbed at jejunum & upper
    ileum, negligible at stomach & colon.
    Process of Digestion of carbohydrates
    Mouth:
    Salivary α-amylase converts starch to maltose
    Stomach:
    HCL hydrolyses some sucrose.
    Duodenum:
    α-amylase of pancreatic juice & bile salts convert starch &
    dextrin into maltose.
    Small Intestine:
    Sucrose Sucrase Glucose & Fructose
    Maltose Maltase 2 Glucose
    Lactose Lactase
    Glucose & Galactose
    CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION

    For Example
    Starch (Polysaccharide)

    Maltose (Disaccharide)

    2 Glucose Molecules (Monosaccharide)


    FATS DIGESTION & ABSORPTION
    Types of fats (lipids):
    1. Simple fats or neutral fats:
    These are triglycerides formed from glycerol & 3
    molecules of fatty acids, those are – Palmitic acid, stearic
    acid & oleic acids.
    Waxes: fatty acids with long chain monohydric alcohols.
    2. Compound fats:
    Formed from fatty acids, glycerol & nitrogen – phosphate
    groups. The main fats – phospholipids, sphingomyelins &
    galactolipids.
    3. Associated fats:
    a) These are of 2 main types, soaps are salts of fatty
    acids obtained by hydrolysis.
    b) steroid hormones & fat soluble vitamins.

    Note:
    - Fats of food mainly consists of neutral fats, together
    with small amounts of free fatty acids, lecithin &
    cholesterol esters.
    - Hydrolysis of food takes place during cooking also.

    ABSORPTION:
    Fat absorption is greatest in the upper part of the
    small intestine (jejunum) but appreciable amounts
    are also absorbed in ileum.
    PROCESS OF DIGESTION
    Mouth:
    - salivary α-lipase may digest 30% triglycerides.
    Stomach:
    - Fat digestion in stomach occurs in exceptional
    conditions.
    - Gastric lipase Is a weak fat splitting enzyme, that acts at
    pH 4-4.5 & inactivated at pH 1-2.
    Small intestine:
    - Pancreatic lipase & bile salts enters the 2nd part of
    duodenum by duodenal papilla & begin the fat digestion.
     Pancreatic juice is highly alkaline & converts acidic
    chyme into alkaline chyme (pH-7.0).
     Lipase hydrolyses triglycerides into diglycerides & further
    into monoglycerides.
    PROTEIN DIGESTION & ABSORPTION

    Amino acids linked together to form


    large polypeptides called proteins. Ex:
    Milk Protein Caseinogen,
    phenylalanine, tyrosine etc.,.
    PROCESS OF PROTEIN DIGESTION:
    MOUTH: None
    STOMACH: followed 1 & 2 processes
    1. PROTEIN 2. caseinogen (milk protein)
    (Pepsin-HCL (Active at pH - 1.6 -
    3.0) Renin Pepsin (humans)
    Mixture) (Inactive ph > 5.0) (mammals)
    SOLUBLE CASEIN
    PROTEOSES & PEPTONES calcium salts

    Approx. 10% of ingested Coagulum of soluble


    protein is broken down casein
    completely in the stomach.
    (Which is readily
    digestible)
    DUODENUM:
    (TRYPSIN & CHYMOTRYPSIN IN ALKALINE PH 8.0)

    Proteoses & peptones peptides of various chain


    (small polypeptides)
    (CARBOXYPEPTIDASES AT PH 8.0 IN PANCREATIC JUICE)

    Polypeptides lower peptides & free amino


    acids.

    SMALL INTESTINE:
    protein digestion mainly occurs at brush border intestine &
    the cytoplasm of mucosal cells.
    (Succus entericus contain EREPSIN, which hydrolyses peptide bonds at
    pH 7.6)

    Peptides free amino acids


    Protein Digestion

    Ex: (Casein) Poly Peptides

    Small Polypeptides

    Peptides

    Free Amino Acids

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