Chapter 2:2

First Program
  C++ variables
(Containers for storing data)

 int - stores integers (whole numbers), without decimals, such as 123 or -123
 double - stores floating point numbers, with decimals, such as 19.99 or -19.99
 char - stores single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'. Char values are surrounded by
single quotes
 string - stores text, such as "Hello World". String values are surrounded by
double quotes
 bool - stores values with two states: true or false
Variable declaration

 Create a variable called myNum of type int and assign it the value 15

int myNum = 15;
cout << myNum;
int myNum;
myNum = 15;
cout << myNum;
Variables

 Note that if you assign a new value to an existing variable, it will overwrite
the previous value:
 int myNum = 15; // Now myNum is 15
 myNum = 10; // Now myNum is 10
 cout << myNum;
Displaying variables

 int myAge = 35;

 cout << "I am " << myAge << " years old.";
Adding variables

int x = 5;
int y = 6;
int sum = x + y;
cout << sum;
Multiple variables

 Use comma to separate List of same variables.

 int x = 5, y = 6, z = 50;
cout << x + y + z;
You can also assign the same value to multiple variables in one line:
 int x, y, z;
x = y = z = 50;
cout << x + y + z;
 Constants

Is declared using keyword “const”

 #include <iostream>
 using namespace std;

 int main() {
 const int minutesPerHour = 60;
 const float PI = 3.14;
 cout << minutesPerHour << "\n";
 cout << PI;
 return 0;
}
User input
cin is a predefined variable that reads data from the keyboard with the extraction operator (>>)

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int x;
cout << "Type a number: "; // Type a number and press
enter
cin >> x; // Get user input from the keyboard
cout << "Your number is: " << x;
return 0;
}
Creating a Simple Calculator
C++ Data Types
Scientific Numbers
A floating point number can also be a scientific number with an "e" to indicate
the power of 10:
Boolean Types
String Types

 The string type is used to store a sequence of characters (text).

 String values must be surrounded by double quotes:
 string greeting = "Hello";
cout << greeting
Arithmetic operators
Arithmetic operator example
Comparison Operators

 The return value of a comparison is either 1 or 0, which means true (1) or

false (0)
Comparison Example
Strings
 To use strings, you must include an additional header file in the source code,
the <string> library:
Conditions

 Conditions are expressions that evaluate to a boolean value.

If condition

 Use if to specify a block of code to be executed, if a specified condition is true

 #include <iostream>
 using namespace std;

 int main() {
 if (20 > 18) {
 cout << "20 is greater than 18";
 }
 return 0;
 }
 If
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int x = 20;
int y = 18;
if (x > y) {
cout << "x is greater than y";
}
return 0;
}
If …..else

 Use else to specify a block of code to be executed, if the same condition is false

 #include <iostream>
 using namespace std;

 int main() {
 int time = 20;
 if (time < 18) {
 cout << "Good day.";
 } else {
 cout << "Good evening.";
 }
 return 0;
 }
If …..else

 #include <iostream>
 using namespace std;

 int main() {
 int time = 20;
 if (time < 18) {
 cout << "Good day.";
 } else {
 cout << "Good evening.";
 }
 return 0;
 }
Else if

 Use the else if statement to specify a new condition if the first condition is false.
 #include <iostream>
 using namespace std;

 int main() {
 int time = 22;
 if (time < 10) {
 cout << "Good morning.";
 } else if (time < 20) {
 cout << "Good day.";
 } else {
 cout << "Good evening.";
 }
 return 0;
 }
Switch statements
 Use the switch statement to select one of many code blocks to be executed.
 The switch expression is evaluated once
 The value of the expression is compared with the values of each case
 If there is a match, the associated block of code is executed
#include <iostream> break;
using namespace std; case 'D' :
cout << "You passed";
int main () { break;
// local variable declaration: case 'F' :
char grade = 'D'; cout << "Better try again";
break;
switch(grade) { default :
case 'A' : cout << "Invalid grade";
cout << "Excellent!"; }
break; cout << "Your grade is " << grade;
case 'B' :
case 'C' : return 0;
cout << "Well done"; }
Break statement

 The break in C++ is a loop control statement that is used to terminate the
loop