Control Structure

• Java will execute the statements in your code in a

specific sequence or flow.
• Control structures are the flow of the program; the
sequence of statements that are executed in a
program.
• They act as “direction signals” to control the path a
program takes.

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 Overview of Java statements
• Java has three kinds of control structures
 Sequence statement
 Selection (decision making) statements
• allows the code to execute a statement or blocks statements conditionally.
if statement
switch statement
 Repetition statements
for statement
 Performs the actions in its body zero or more time
while statement
 Performs the actions in its body zero or more times
do…while statement
 Performs the actions in its body one or more times2
 The if Statement
• An if statement consists of a Boolean expression
followed by one or more statements.
• Execute an action if the specified condition is true.
• Syntax:
if(Boolean_expression)
{
/* Statement_1
Statement_2
Statement_n */
}
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 Example
public class IfStat{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x =10;
if( x <20){
System.out.print("This is if statement");
}
}
}

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 The if...else Statement
• An if statement can be followed by an optional else
statement, which executes when the Boolean
expression is false.
• Syntax:
if(Boolean_expression)
{
/*statements*/
} else {
/*statements*/
}
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 Example
public class IfElse{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x =30;
if(x <20){
System.out.print("This is if statement");
} else {
System.out.print("This is else statement");
}
}
}
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 The if...else if...else Statement
• An if statement can be followed by an optional else
if...else statement, which is very useful to test various
conditions using single if...else if statement.
• When using if, else if , else statements there are few
points to keep in mind.
– An if can have zero or one else's and it must come
after any else if's.
– An if can have zero to many else if's and they must
come before the else.
– Once an else if succeeds, none of the remaining
else if's or else's will be tested.
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 Syntax
if(Boolean_expression1){
/* statements */
} else if(Boolean_expression2){
/* statements */
} else if(Boolean_expression3){
/* statements */
} else {
/* statements */
}

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 Nested if...else Statement
• It is always legal to nest if-else statements which
means you can use one if or else if statement inside
another if or else if statement.
• Syntax:
if(Boolean_expression1){
/* statements */
if(Boolean_expression2){
/* statements */
}
}
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 Example
public class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x =30;
int y =10;
if( x ==30){
if( y ==10){
System.out.print("X = 30 and Y = 10");
}
}
}
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 Switch Statement
• A switch statement allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of
values.
• Each value is called a case, and the variable being switched on is checked
for each case.
• Syntax:
switch(expression){
case value :
//Statements
break;
case value :
//Statements
break;
//You can have any number of case statements.
default:
//Statements
} 11
 Example
public class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
char grade = 'C';
switch(grade) {
case'A':
System.out.println("Excellent!");
break;
case'B':
t p u t:
System.out.println("Excellent!"); Ou one
e l l d
break; W d e is C
case'C': r g ra
System.out.println("Well done"); You
break;
default:
System.out.println("Invalid grade");
}
System.out.println("Your grade is "+ grade);
}
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}
 Repetition Statements
• Repetition statements allow us to execute a statement multiple
times repetitively.

• They are often simply referred to as loops.

• Like conditional statements, they are controlled by boolean

expressions.

• Java has three kinds of repetition statements: the while loop, the
do…while loop, and the for loop.

• The programmer must choose the right kind of loop for the
situation. 14
The while Statement
• The while statement has the following syntax:

while ( condition )
while is a
statement;
reserved word

If the condition is true, the statement is executed.

Then the condition is evaluated again.

The statement is executed repetitively until

the condition becomes false.

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 The while Statement
• Note that if the condition of a while statement is false
initially, the statement is never executed

• Therefore, the body of a while loop will execute zero or more

times.

• The body of a while loop must eventually make the condition

false.

• If not, it is an infinite loop, which will execute until the user

interrupts the program.

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 The while Statement
//While Loop Example
public class Main {
   public static void main(String args[]){
Output:
      int a= 10;
a : 10
      while( a < 20 ){ a : 11
      System.out.print("a : " + a ); a : 12
      a++; a : 13
      System.out.print("\n"); a : 14
   } a : 15
a : 16
   }
a : 17
} a : 18
a : 19 17
 The do Statement
• The do statement has the following syntax:
Uses both do
the do and {
while statement;
reserved }
words while ( condition )

The statement is executed once initially, then the condition is evaluated

The statement is repetitively executed until the condition becomes false

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 The do Statement
• A do loop is similar to a while loop, except that the condition is
evaluated after the body of the loop is executed.
• Therefore the body of a do loop will execute at least one time.
//Do… While Loop Example
public class Main {
   public static void main(String args[]){ Output:
      int a= 3;
a:3
      do{
a:4
         System.out.print(" a : " + a );
         a++;
a:5
         System.out.print("\n"); a:6
      }while( a < 10 ); a:7
   } a:8
} a:9
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 The for Statement
• The for statement has the following syntax:

The initialization portion The statement is

Reserved
is executed once executed until the
word
before the loop begins condition becomes false

for ( initialization ; condition ; increment )

statement;

The increment portion is executed at the end of each iteration

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 The for Statement
• A for loop is equivalent to the following while
loop structure:
initialization;
while ( condition )
{
statement;
increment;
}

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 The for Statement
• Like a while loop, the condition of a for
statement is tested prior to executing the loop
body
• Therefore, the body of a for loop will execute
zero or more times
• It is well suited for executing a specific
number of times that can be determined in
advance

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 Example
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<=10;i++) { Output:
for(j=10;j>=1;j--) *
if(j<=i)
**
***
System.out.print("*");
****
else *****
System.out.print(" "); ******
System.out.println(); *******
} ********
} *********
**********
} 23
 break and continue statements
• beak statement
– tells the compiler to exit the switch statement.
• continue statement
– this statement causes the program to jump to the
next iteration of the loop.

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