Week 05 - Mechanical Properties Part 1
Week 05 - Mechanical Properties Part 1
Materials (Part 1)
BMM1133
Materials Science
Sect 03
Kamal Yusoh
FTKKP
Chemical Engineering Program
Week 04
Learning Objectives
Area, Ao
Ft
F F
A o = cross sectional Ft lb N
s= = 2f or
area (when unloaded) A o in m2
F original area
s= s s
Ao before loading
Simple Compression
F Note: compressive
s= structure member
Ao (s < 0 here).
Shear Stress
• Shear stress, t:
Ft F
Area, Ao Fs
Stress has units:
N/m2 or lbf /in2
Fs
t = Fs F Ft
Ao
Torsion
y 90º - q
90º Strain is always
dimensionless.
Stress vs Strain Test
• Typical tensile
specimen
extensometer specimen
gauge
length
Adapted from
Fig. 7.2,
Callister &
Rethwisch 3e.
Tensile Test
Stress vs Strain
Curve
Elongation at Break
Elastic vs Plastic
Regions
Elastic Deformation
bonds
stretch
return to
initial shape
d
F F Linear-
Return to the original shape elastic
when the applied load is
Non-Linear-
removed. elastic
Elastic means reversible! d
Plastic Deformation
1. Initial 2. Load 3.Unload
bonds
stretch p lanes
& planes still
shear sheared
F
Could not return to the F
original shape when the linear linear
applied load is removed. elastic elastic
d
dplastic delastic
Plastic means permanent!
Mechanical Property
Data for Tensile Test
1- Modulus of
elasticity
2-Yield strength , YS
(0.2% offset)
3-Tensile strength, TS
4-Ductility
5-Toughness
Modulus of Elasticity
• is a measure of the stiffness of the material, but it only
applies in the linear region of the curve. If a specimen is
loaded within this linear region, the material will return to
its exact same condition if the load is removed
• Hooke’s Law, s = E e
s
E
e
Linear-
elastic
Poisson’s Ratio
• Poisson's ratio, n: eL
eL
n=-
e
e
metals: n ~ 0.33
-n
ceramics: n ~ 0.25
polymers: n ~ 0.40
M
• Elastic Bulk P P
modulus, K:
DV DV P P
P = -K Vo
Vo K pressure
test: Init.
vol =Vo.
• Special relations for isotropic materials: Vol chg.
= DV
E E
G= K=
2(1 + n) 3(1 - 2n)
Linear Elastic
Relationships
• Simple tension: • Simple torsion:
2ML o
d = FL o d = -n Fw o a=
L 4
EA o EA o r o G
F M = moment
d/2 a = angle of twist
Ao
Lo Lo
wo
2ro
dL /2
Plastic
Elastic
Tensile Strength (TS)
• is the highest engineering stress developed in
material before rupture
TS Typical response of a metal
y F = fracture or
engineering
ultimate
stress
strength
Neck – acts
as stress
strain concentrator
engineering strain
• Metals: occurs when noticeable necking starts.
• Polymers: occurs when polymer backbone chains are
aligned and about to break.
Ductility
near
onset of
failure
necking plastic failure
x
unload/reload
crystalline
regions
slide
semi-
crystalline amorphous
crystalline
case regions
regions align
elongate
Factors need to
consider
• Temperature – Increase T will decrease TS, YM
but increase EB
• Strain rate (for example for plastic 5mm/min) –
Increasing crosshead speed will give higher TS
but lower EB
• There are some standards –ASTM, ISO to select
proper sample dimension and test condition for
particular type of materials
• For example strain rate should be such that the
sample breaks within 2-5 minutes (for composite
5mm/min)
Influence of T and
SR on Thermoplastic
s (MPa)
• Decreasing T... 80 Plots for
4°C
-- increases E semicrystalline
-- increases TS 60 PMMA (Plexiglas)
20°C
-- decreases %EL
40
40°C
• Increasing
strain rate...
20
-- same effects to 1.3
as decreasing T. 60°C
0
0 0.1 0.2
e 0.3
Strain Rate
• Increasing
strain rate...
-- increases TS
-- increases EM
-- decreases EB
Resilience
• The capacity of a materials to absorb energy when it is
deformed elastically and then, upon unloading, to have
this energy recovered.
• Modulus of Resilience, Ur = ( σ2y )/2E
y
Ur d
0
If we assume a linear stress-
strain curve this simplifies to
1
Ur @ sy e y
2
Elastic Strain
Recovery
sy i D
sy o
2. Unload
Stress
1. Load 3. Reapply
load
Strain
Elastic strain
recovery
True Stress vs True
Strain
• During the tensile test, after necking of the
sample occurs, the engineering stress (ES)
decreases as the strain increases, leading to a
maximum ES in the stress-strain curve. Thus,
once necking begins during the tensile test, the
True Stress is higher than the ES.
True Stress vs True
Strain
• True stress T F Ai T 1
• True strain T lni o T ln1
Design or Safety
Factors
• Design uncertainties mean we do not push the limit.
• Factor of safety, N Often N is
y between
working 1.2 and 4
N
• Example: Calculate a diameter, d, to ensure that yield does
not occur in the 1045 carbon steel rod below. Use a
factor of safety of 5. d
y
working 1045 plain
N carbon steel:
sy = 310 MPa Lo
220,000N TS = 565 MPa
5
d /42
F = 220,000N
d = 0.067 m = 6.7 cm
Summary
• A 0.5-cm-diameter aluminum
bar is subjected to a force of
500N. Calculate the engineering
stress in Mpa on the bar.
• Solution;
• =
Exercise 2
Determine:
a) The modulus of elasticity
b) The yield strength
c) The maximum load that
can be sustained by a
cylindrical specimen
having an original
diameter of 12.8 mm
d) The change in length of a
specimen originally 250
mm long than is
subjected to a tensile
stress of 345 MPa
Exercise 4
A specimen of ductile cast
iron having a rectangular
cross-section of 4.8 mm x
15.9 mm is deformed in
tension.
Determine:
a) Plot a stress-strain
diagram
b) The modulus of elasticity
c) The yield strength
d) The tensile strength of the
alloy
e) The ductility