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SPC Lecture

The document discusses process capability and how to measure it using statistical process control methods. It defines process capability, specifications, and tolerances. It introduces the process capability index Cp and explains how to calculate and interpret Cp values to determine if a process is capable of meeting specifications. It also discusses the shortcomings of Cp and introduces the alternative measure Cpk which considers if the process mean is centered between the upper and lower specification limits.

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SIMERA GABRIEL
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30 views16 pages

SPC Lecture

The document discusses process capability and how to measure it using statistical process control methods. It defines process capability, specifications, and tolerances. It introduces the process capability index Cp and explains how to calculate and interpret Cp values to determine if a process is capable of meeting specifications. It also discusses the shortcomings of Cp and introduces the alternative measure Cpk which considers if the process mean is centered between the upper and lower specification limits.

Uploaded by

SIMERA GABRIEL
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistical Process Control

Process Capability
 Definition
the ability of a production process to meet or
exceed preset specifications.
 Product specifications (specs.)
They are often referred to as tolerances.
They are preset ranges of acceptable quality
characteristics, such as product dimensions and
weights.
 Example
the grammage of woven silk fabrics can be set at
a mean value of 1.0
This is the average required grammage of the
fabric
Often tolerances are acceptable because there is
always variation
Specification in terms of grammage may be put at
(1.0 ± 0.05 unit)
 Specifications include acceptable tolerances
 The tolerances depends on the end use of the
product
 It also depends on the criticality of the
parameter in question
 Compare specifications in terms of product
purity of a) fertilizer b) drug
 We can see that drug content quality has to be
tighter than a fertilizer
Qn. Can your process meet the required
specifications?
 How can we measure the capability of the
process to deliver the required product quality
( with required specifications)?
 To produce acceptable product quality, the
process must be in a state of control i.e. the
process must be capable
Process variations relative to design
specifications
 Control charts don’t guarantee process
capability
 Control of a process is what guarantees its
capability
 Just like in control charts we also have
1. USL: Upper specification limit
2. LSL: Lower specification limit
Graphics
 Process capability is measured by process
capability index, Cp which is computed by
expression below

 Specification width is the difference between


the USL and LSL
 The process width is 6 standard deviations (6σ)
 We use 6σ because most process
measurement fall within±3σ totaling to 6σ
with 99.74% confidence
The meanings of Cp values
• Cp = 1 means that the process variability just meets
specifications. We say the process is minimally capable.
• Cp ≤ 1 means the process variability is outside the
specification range. The process is not capable of
producing within specification and the process must be
improved.
• Cp ≥ 1: means the process variability is tighter than
specification and the process exceeds minimal
capability
Example
 Three bottling machines at cocoa fizz are
being evaluated for their capability
Bottling machine Standard deviation

A O.O5

B 0.1

C 0.2
• If the specifications are set between 15.8 and
16.2 ounces, determine which of the
machines are capable of producing within
specifications.
• Soln.
• Specification width (USL-LSL = 16.2-15.8 = 0.4)
• Process width is 6σ for each machine

• Cp values of machines A=1.33, B=0.67, C=0.33


• Therefore from Cp values only machine A is
capable of meeting specifications
 Shortcoming of Cp: it assumes that process
variability is centered on the specification
range.
 Not always true
 It is addressed by another measure Cpk is used
to measure process capability.

Where = mean of the process


= standard deviation of the process
Process capability of each half of normal
distribution is computed
• The minimum of the two is used
• Example
• Compute the Cpk measure of process capability
for a machine with data below
• USL = 110, LSL=50, process σ=10, µ=70
• Soln.

The process is not capable


 Cp measure gives us value of 1.16

 It leads to a conclusion that the process is


capable
Assignment
Read and make notes on six sigma quality
strategy

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