CIRCUIT PROTECTION DEVICES

FUSE
 A fuse is an electrical safety device that
operates to provide overcurrent protection of
an electrical circuit. Its essential component
is a metal wire or strip that melts when too
much current flows through it, thereby
stopping or interrupting the current.
CIRCUIT BREAKER
 A circuit breaker is an automatically operated
electrical switch designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by excess current from
an overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to
interrupt current flow after a fault is detected. Unlike
a fuse, which operates once and then must be
replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either
manually or automatically) to resume normal
operation.
GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT-
INTERRUPTERS
 The ground-fault circuit interrupter, or
GFCI, is a fast-acting circuit breaker
designed to shut off electric power in
the event of a ground-fault within as
little as 1/40 of a second. It works by
comparing the amount of current going
to and returning from equipment along
the circuit conductors.
FUSE VS CIRCUIT BREAKER VS GFCI
Ang gfci kasi nirerequire madalas sa mga wet
locations at sa mga gamit na matataas ang rating
kasi pag nagkaroon ng fault sa circuit ay gfci ang
unang magtitrip. ang circuit breaker naman ay
kadalasan isang buong circuit ng bawat part ng
bahay for example yung isang kwarto, may
sariling circuit breaker sya
 Welding Safety Hazards
Welding operations present several hazards to both those undertaking
the activity and others in the vicinity. Therefore, it’s important that you
are aware of the risks and hazards welding poses, and understand what
precautions you can take to protect yourself.
 Noise Hazards
When carrying out welding activities, you are likely to be exposed to
loud, prolonged noises. A loud noise is considered to be above 85 dB(A),
and welding activities such as flame cutting and air arc gouging can produce
noise levels of over 100 dB(A). This can be very damaging to the ears and
can result in hearing impairment.
Regular or immediate exposure to loud noises can cause permanent noise-
induced hearing loss.
Noise-induced hearing loss can have the following side effects:
• Ringing in the ears, known as tinnitus.
• Occasional dizziness, known as vertigo.
• Increased heart rate.
• Increased blood pressure.
 Exposure to UV and IR Radiation
Looking at the intense bloom of UV light produced when welding, without
appropriate PPE or welding curtains, can result in a painful and sometimes long-
lasting condition called arc-eye. Many factors can affect the severity of a flash burn
injury, such as distance, duration and the angle of penetration. Long-term exposure
to arc flashes could also potentially result in cataracts and lead to a loss of vision.
 Exposure to Fumes and Gases
Undertaking welding activities will expose you to invisible gaseous
fumes, including ozone, nitrogen oxides, chromium and nickel oxides,
and carbon monoxide which can easily penetrate into your lungs.
Depending on the gas or fume, the concentration and duration of your
exposure, the resultant damage can be severe.
 Hazards in the picture
• Smoking in no smoking area
• Fire Exit blocked
• No ladder when reaching high places
• Acid not properly closed
• Water in contact with electricity
• Poor posture when lifting
• Food in contact with poisonous substance
• Unbalanced storage of Boxes
• No Safety Equipments
• No sign on slippery stairs
 Excavation vs Trench
OSHA defines an excavation as any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or
depression in the Earth's surface formed by earth removal. A trench is
defined as a narrow excavation (in relation to its length) made below
the surface of the ground.
Generally speaking, an excavation is a hole in the ground as the
result of removing material. A trench is an excavation in which the
depth exceeds (is bigger than) the width.
 HAZARDS IN EXCAVATION
• Collapse of soil
• Water and flooding
• Asphyxiation due to lack of oxygen
• Falling into excavation
• Access and egress to the excavation
• Working in trenches and excavations is hazardous to both the workers who work
inside them, and to workers on the surface. The hazards include:
• Cave-ins or collapses that can trap workers.
• Equipment or excavated soil falling on workers (e.g., equipment operated or
soil/debris stored too close to the excavation).
• Falling into the trench or excavation.
• Flooding or water accumulation.
• Exposure to a hazardous atmosphere (e.g., gas, vapour, dust, or lack of oxygen).
• Contact with buried service lines such as electrical, natural gas, water, sewage,
telecommunications, etc.
• Contact with overhead electrical lines.
• Slips, trips and falls as workers climb on and off equipment, or from inappropriate
access and egress methods.
• Being struck by moving machinery, or by falling or flying objects.
• Hazards related to materials handling (e.g., lifting, struck by, crushed between, etc.).
 Control Measures to Avoid Injuries and
Illnesses During Excavation
• Machines should be far from workers
• Proper signages and barricades should be placed and visible
• Should have a planned emergency exits
• Guard against danger to persons at work from a fall or dislodgement
of earth, rock or other material by suitable shoring or otherwise
• Guard against dangers arising from the fall of materials or objects or
the inrush of water into the excavation, shaft, earthworks,
underground works or tunnel
• Secure adequate ventilation at all workplaces so as to maintain an
atmosphere fit for respiration and to limit any fumes, gases, vapours,
dust or other impurities to levels which are not dangerous or injurious
to health
• Enable persons at work to reach safety in the event of fire or an
inrush of water or materials
• Avoid risk to persons at work arising from possible underground
dangers such as underground cables or other distribution systems,
the circulation of fluids or the presence of pockets of gas, by
undertaking appropriate investigations to locate them before
excavation begins
• Ensure that a safe means of access to and egress from each
excavation
• Minimize access of person to an excavation
• Inspection
• Use of barricades
• Shore, batter or bench excavation where the soil or rock is unstable or
prone to collapse
Portable Angle Grinder Hazards
Eye injuries
Dust, abrasives, grains and splinters are a common hazard to the
eyes in all dry-grinding operations. Effective eye protection by goggles
or spectacles and fixed eye shields at the machine are essential; fixed
eye shields are particularly useful when wheels are in intermittent use
—for example, for tool grinding.
 Fire
Grinding of magnesium alloys carries a high fire risk unless strict
precautions are taken against accidental ignition and in the removal
and drenching of dust. High standards of cleanliness and maintenance
are required in all exhaust ducting to prevent risk of fire and also to
keep ventilation working efficiently. Textile dust released from buffing
operations is a fire hazard requiring good housekeeping and LEV.
 Vibration
Portable and pedestal grinders carry a risk of hand-arm vibration
syndrome (HAVS), also known as “white finger” from its most
noticeable sign. Recommendations include limiting intensity and
duration of exposure, redesigning tools, protective equipment and
monitoring exposure and health.
• Inhaling dust and fumes generated
• Explosion or fire
• Noise
• High speed flying particles
• Electric shock from frayed or defective power cord
What safety precautions should you follow
when using a portable grinder?
• Guards must be provided and adjusted properly to protect you. Replace
damaged guards because if an abrasive wheel breaks while rotating, it can
cause a serious injury.
• Before use, check the manufacturer’s stated running speeds, or markings on
the grinder, and grinder wheel for the maximum speed that it can be used.
• Follow manufacturer’s manual for the safe use of grinder wheel guards.
• Clean and service grinders according to manufacturers' recommendations.
Record all maintenance for grinders.
• Ensure that a machine will not operate when unattended by checking the
dead-man (constant pressure) switch.
• Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or
goggles) to protect against flying particles. Gloves, aprons, metatarsal
safety boots, and respiratory protection may be required, depending on the
work.
• Ensure the floor around the work area is clean.
• Do not use wheels that are cracked or those that excessively vibrate.
• Do not operate grinder on wet floors.
• Use both hands when holding the grinder.
• Keep the power cord away from the grinding wheel and the material being
ground.
• Correct mounting will reduce the risk of bursting
• Wear goggles for all grinding machine operation
• Check grinding wheels for craks before mounting
• Never operate grinding wheels at speed in excess of the
recommended speed
• Use both hand while using grinder