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Patterns of Mendelian Inheritance

The document discusses Mendel's experiments on inheritance patterns in pea plants. It describes how Mendel studied traits like seed shape, pod color, and flower position over multiple generations of crosses. Mendel demonstrated that traits are passed down in predictable ratios, forming the basis of classical genetics and heredity.

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Novie Jane Hontiveros
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157 views38 pages

Patterns of Mendelian Inheritance

The document discusses Mendel's experiments on inheritance patterns in pea plants. It describes how Mendel studied traits like seed shape, pod color, and flower position over multiple generations of crosses. Mendel demonstrated that traits are passed down in predictable ratios, forming the basis of classical genetics and heredity.

Uploaded by

Novie Jane Hontiveros
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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How Do I Look Like?

Patterns of
Mendelian
Inheritance
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
• Predictphenotypic expressions of traits following simple
patterns of inheritance.
• Solve problems involving inheritance of contrasting
traits.
• Appreciate Mendel’s contribution to the field of
genetics.
Gregor Mendel: Beginnings
• Genetics is the science which deals with how
genes control the biological characteristics
• Gregor Mendel initiated the study of this
particular branch of biology.
• Gregor Mendel was born on July 20, 1822, in
a village called Heinzendorf bei Odrau in
what is now the Czech Republic.
• Atthe age of 18, he was
accepted to the University of
Olomouc in 1840 where he
studied physics, mathematics,
and philosophy. 
• In1866, he published his
study on heredity.
• He then became the Abbot of
his monastery in 1867 and ran
it as the administrator. The Abbey of St. Thomas where
Johann Mendel became 
a monk with name Gregor Mendel
Mendel’s Experiments
• Mendelutilized a two-hectare
garden in the monastery. 

• Hestudied plant heredity, where


knowledge is still lacking during his
time.
• Mendel
choose garden peas (Pisum
sativum)

o grow fast and easy to cultivate


o garden peas are bisexual plants
(male and female reproductive
structures)
o have numerous distinguishable traits
Garden pea or Pisum sativum was
the subject on Mendel’s study 
• He focused on seven characters 

o seed shape/wrinkling 
o seed endosperm color
o flower color
o pod shape
o pod color
o flower location
o plant height

 Mendel established a distinction


between characters and traits.
• Mendelperformed
hybridization studies where he
crossed true-breeding plants with
contrasting traits.

o P gen: parental generation


o F1 gen: first filial generation
o F2 gen: second filial
generation
Mendel’s Findings
• Mendel supported the 3:1 pattern of inheritance he observed in
the F2 generations through several concepts, some of which are
as follows:

o The genes are the heritable factors in organisms. The alleles


are the alternative versions of genes.   
o Each allele is inherited from a parent. 
o The dominant allele will mask the expression of recessive
allele. Dominant alleles are capitalized (“A” for example) and
the recessive alleles are in lowercase (“a”).
Mendel’s Law
Genetic Terminologies
• Phenotype: the expressed and observable traits of organisms. 
• Genotype: the genetic makeup or allelic set of an individual. 
• Homozygous: a condition wherein the alleles for a gene are identical. When
using letters, it can be written as RR or rr. This is an alternative term to the
true-breeding condition.  
• Heterozygous: a condition wherein the alleles for a gene are not identical.
When using letters, it can be represented as Rr. 
• Dominant allele: the allele that masks the presence of another type of allele
• Recessive allele: the allele in which expression is masked
Law of Dominance
• The Law of Dominance states
that in a heterozygous
individual, only one allele will be
expressed (dominant), and the
other one will be masked
(recessive).

Given the heterozygous condition,


smooth allele will be expressed 
Law of Segregation
• The Law of Segregation states that
two alleles of a gene separate from
each other to be contained in
separate gametes. These alleles will
unite randomly during fertilization.
• Segregation of genes happen when
two individuals heterozygous for a
trait are crossed.
Each gamete will only receive
one allele for a certain gene 
Monohybrid Inheritance

o It pertains to the inheritance of a single trait (seed color, seed shape,


position of flowers, etc.)

RATIO: RATIO:
Genotypic Ratio = 4:0 or 100% Aa Genotypic Ratio = 1:2:1 or 25% AA, 50% Aa, 25% aa
Phenotypic Ratio = 4:0 or 100% pink Phenotypic Ratio = 3:1 or 75% pink, 25% white
Law of Independent Assortment

• Law of Independent Assortment states


that the inheritance of one allele pair is
independent from that of the other allele
pairs.
• A dihybrid cross involves individuals with
two pairs of contrasting traits. 

 
Testcross

• A testcross is performed to determine


the genotype of an individual with the
trait that is dominant.
• Theconcerned individual is crossed to
one with the trait that is recessive. 

Violet flowered plant being subjected


to a testcross
Punnett Square
• In a testcross, the results are shown in a box
known as the Punnett square. 
• It was devised by geneticist Reginald
Punnett. This organizes the genotypes of the
individuals to be crossed.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1PCwxUDTl8

Violet flowered plant being


subjected to a testcross
How to construct Punnett squares?

1. Determine the parental genotypes. You can


use any letter you like but select one that has a
clearly different lower case, for example: Aa,
Bb, Dd.
2. Split the alleles for each parent and add them
into your Punnett square around the edges.
3. Work out the new possible genetic
combinations inside the Punnett square.
Example:

• Shorthair (L) is dominant over long hair (l) in rabbits. Two


heterozygous rabbits are mated. Show the Punnett square. What
phenotypes are expected, and in what ratios of the bunnies
produced?
Try It!

SpongeBob SquarePants recently met SpongeSusie at a dance.


SpongeBob is heterozygous for his square shape, but SpongeSussie is
round. Create a Punnet square to show the possibilities that would result
if SpongeBob and SpongeSussie had children.

A. List the possible genotypes and phenotypes for their children.


B. What are the chances of a child with a square shape?
C. What are the chances of a child with a square shape?
Dihybrid Cross

•Itpertains to the inheritance of


two traits at a time.
• Mendel crossed two garden pea plants that were
homozygous for seed color and seed shape. (see
figure 13.21 on page 325)

P1 Pure Yellow round seed x Pure green wrinkled seed


YYRR yyrr
Example:
You have a pea plant with purple flowers and yellow seeds with the
genotype PpYy. You also have a pea plant with purple flowers and green
seeds with the genotype PPyy. Take note that purple flower is dominant
over the white flower and yellow seed is dominant over green seed.
Using a dihybrid testcross, what are the genotype combinations of the
offspring? What are the possible flower and seed color phenotype of the
offspring?
Step 1: Identify genotypes
PpYy and Ppyy

Step 2: Determine the gametes. This is done by combining the


P and Y of each parent to represent sperm and egg. This
process is similar to the FOIL method that you learned in
mathematics. Therefore:
PpYy (parent 1) = PY, Py, pY, py
PPyy (parent 2) = Py, Py, Py, Py
Step 3: Perform the test cross.

Step 4: Identify the genotype


results: 
4/16 PPYy, 
4/16 PPyy, 
4/16 PpYy, 
4/16 Ppyy
Identify the phenotype results: 

8/16 purple-flowered with yellow seeds


8/16 purple-flowered with green seeds
Example:
• Inroses, red is dominant over white. Short stems are dominant over
long stems. If you cross two heterozygous red, short-stemmed roses,
what are the chances of producing the desirable trait of long-stemmed
red roses?

R = red, r = white S = short stem, s = long stem


Step 2: Determine the genotypes of the parents and
write out the cross.
Parent 1: RrSs Parent 2: RrSs RrSs X RrSs

Step 3: Figure out what kinds of gametes each parent


can produce.
Parent 1: RS, Rs, rS, rs Parent 2: RS, Rs, rS, rs
Step 4: Set up a Punnett square for your mating.

Step 5: Fill in the Punnett square.


Dihybrid Cross
Try It!

In man, assume that spotted skin (S) is dominant over non-spotted skin (s)
and that wooly hair (W) is dominant over non-wooly hair (w). Cross a
marriage between a heterozygous spotted, non-wooly man with a
heterozygous wooly-haired, non-spotted woman. Give genotypic and
phenotypic ratios of offspring.
Ssww x ssWw
Genotypes:
o Heterozygous spotted and wooly:
o Heterozygous spotted, homozygous non-wooly:
o Homozygous non-spotted, and non-wooly:
o Homozygous non-spotted, heterozygous wooly:
Phenotypes:
o Spotted, wooly:
o Spotted, non-wooly:
o Non-spotted, non-wooly:
o Non-potted, non-wooly:

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