Preposition and Conjunctions

ENG 103: Structure of English
Prof. Jasper Del Valle

Preposition
- Definition
- Types
Prepared by: Marwin Caro, and

Chelden Sarmiento
Conjunctions
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Preposition and
- Definition
- Types
Conjunctions
This page is meant to be blank.
May 11, 2023
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Preposition
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Objectives (Preposition)
After this lesson, students will be able to:
 Identify and define prepositions, prepositional
phrases and objects of the preposition.
 Explain the role of prepositional phrases in
sentences.
 Use prepositional phrases and other objects of the
prepositions clearly and appropriately.
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Preposition
“A preposition is a function word that

connects or combines a noun, pronoun,
or phrase to another word in the
sentence.” – Merriam-Webster
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Prepositions
Prepositions are used to show

position, location, direction, time and
other relationships between words, and
phrases in sentences.
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Prepositions
Prepositions of Place, Position and Direction Prepositions of
place, position and direction show the relationship of place
between the nouns and pronouns to the other words in a
sentence.
Examples: at, around, along, among, across, above, after,
against, behind, below, beside, by, between, from, down, close,
in, into, inside, in front of, next to, near, on, off, onto, opposite,
over, outside, out of, round, past, through, to, towards, under, up,
etc.
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for specific address. I live in 28 Gov. Boyles
At Street.
meeting place. at home, at the office
to identify names of streets, Our drugstore is on Gov.

avenues, rods, etc. Boyles Street.
On for means of transportation. on a bus
for televisions, radio on TV, on the air
walking or riding on horseback on foot, on horseback
geographic location I live in Laguna, Laguna is in
the Philippines.
In in an enclosed space in an envelope.
in a print medium in a magazine, in a book
By close to, alongside of by the school, by the door
Along tracing the length not along the river.
emphasizing the ends.
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in group of three or more. among friends.
Among
the end of a long list. among other things.
Onto movements onto a place. jump on the rooftop.

Towards in the direction of something run towards the base.
but bot directly to it.
Examples:
• John is at home.
• He came from Bohol.
• The family lives across the river.
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Exercise!!!
Prepositions of Place, Position, and Direction
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The clock is _____ the wall.
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The clock is on the wall.
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The cat is _____ the sofa.
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The cat is next to the sofa.
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The clock is _____ the table.
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The clock is above the table.
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The table is _____ the sofa and the chair.
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The table is between the sofa and the
chair.
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The ball is _____ the table.
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The ball is under the table.
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The lamp is _____ the table.
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The lamp is on the table.
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The carpet is _____ the sofa.
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The carpet is in front of the sofa.
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Prepositions
Prepositions of Time
Prepositions of time are used to show relationship
of time between the nouns or pronouns to the other
parts of a sentence.
Examples: on, at, after, as of, in, from, to, for,
since, ago, before, between, between… and,
till/until, by, during, after, past, within, etc.
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to designate a specific time the program starts at 9 a.m.
meal time at dinner
At
age at age 20
other usage: at noon, at night, at Christmas/Easter, at the
weekend, at present, at sunrise/sunset, at the moment.
dates of the week on Saturday.

On
dates on October 1st
for non-specific timers during in the evening
the day
In seasons in the summer
months in May
years in 2023
For To measure time For 10 hours, for two months
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Since from a certain specific date or since 2002, since 8 a.m.
time
a limit in time by sundown
By
the end of a long list among other things.
Past telling the time ten past seven (7:10)
Examples:
• The chief issued the memorandum on the 25th of November.
• We anticipated the long holiday in November.
• Mark has been steadily showing signs of recovery since
Monday.
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Exercise!!!
Prepositions of Time!!!
On, In, or At
1. I feed my fish _____ the afternoon.

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Exercise!!!
On, In, or At
1. I feed my fish in the afternoon.

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Exercise!!!
On, In, or At
2. School usually starts _____ 15th

September.
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Exercise!!!
On, In, or At
2. School usually starts on 15th

September.
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Exercise!!!
On, In, or At
3. I listen to music _____ night.

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Exercise!!!
On, In, or At
3. I listen to music at night.

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Prepositions
Prepositions of agents or things are used
to indicate a casual relationship between
nouns or pronouns and other parts of the
sentence.
Examples: of, for, by, with, about, etc. are
most common examples of this type.
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Of who/what did it belong to a page of the magazine.
related to about my family’s company.
About
not exactly about one million.
for topics talking about her.
Examples:
• The infomercial is about preventing the spread of a disease.
• All of his guests followed the imposed health protocol.
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More Examples:
• With my own pen, I write better.
• This poem is by Edgar Allan Poe.
• You can’t play soccer without a ball.
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Exercise!!!
Prepositions of Agent!!!
1. The Odyssey was written ____ Homer.

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Exercise!!!
1. The Odyssey was written by Homer.

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Exercise!!!
2. The Odyssey is an epic poem ____ the

story of Odysseus.
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Exercise!!!
2. The Odyssey is an epic poem about the

story of Odysseus.
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Prepositions
Phrasal Preposition
A phrasal preposition is composed of two or more words
functioning as a preposition. It should be remembered,
however, that a phrasal preposition is not a prepositional
phrase.
Most common phrasal prepositions are: because of, along
with, apart from, according to, in front of, contrary to, by
means of, on account of, in reference to, in addition to, in
regard to, instead of, out of, in spite of, on top of, given that,
prior to, pursuant to, rather than, with regard to, with the
exception of, etc.
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Prepositions
Examples:
(1) We couldn’t go through the port x-ray machine on
account of our metallic luggage bag.
In the given example (1), “on account of” links its object,
“our metallic luggage bag” to the rest of the sentence.
(2) They still gathered around for the protest in spite of the
warning given to them.
Here, “in spite of” phrasal preposition that links its object,
“the warning”, to the rest of the sentence.
End of the Preposition
May 16, 2023
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Conjunction
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Objectives (Conjunctions)
At the end of the lecture, the students shall be

able to:
 Describe Conjunctions and the difference between
its three types.
 Classify different conjunctions in text.
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Conjunctions
Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or
clauses together. They are referred to as the linguistic devices
that create cohesion in sentences and paragraphs.
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Conjunctions
Three Main Types of Conjunctions

1) Coordinating Conjunctions (coordinators)
2) Subordinating Conjunctions (subordinators)
3) Correlative Conjunctions (co-)

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Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions generally connect sentence
elements of the same grammatical class such as nouns with
nouns, adverbs with adverbs, phrases with phrases and clauses
with clauses. Coordinating conjunctions (or coordinators) are:
and, but, or, nor, for, yet, and so.
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Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions – FANBOYS
Coordinating conjunctions (or coordinators) for, and, nor,
but, or, yet, and so.
Examples:
1. Joseph has to work late night, so he cannot make it to party.
2. The friends went to the park, but they did not have time for
the museum.
3. Their success was due to their teamwork and the support
from their friends and family.
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Exercise!!!
Coordinating Conjunctions!!!
1. Truth ____ honesty is the best policy.

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Exercise!!!
1. Truth and honesty is the best policy.
(join two words)

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Exercise!!!
2. She bought a pen, mugs ____ a book

from the market.
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Exercise!!!
2. She bought a pen, mugs and a book

from the market.
(join more than two words)
The word And is a Cumulative Coordinative Conjunction
that connects non-contrasting objects or ideas.
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Exercise!!!
3. He stumbled, ____ did not fall.

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Exercise!!!
3. He stumbled, but did not fall.

The word But is an Alternative Coordinative Conjunction
connects contrasting objects and ideas. It also means ‘except’.
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Exercise!!!
4. I always want to talk to him, ____ I

never try to do that.
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Exercise!!!
4. I always want to talk to him, yet I never

try to do that.
The word Yet is an Alternative Coordinative Conjunction

that connects contrasting situations or exceptions.
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Exercise!!!
5. He never drinks wine, ____ does he

smoke.
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Exercise!!!
5. He never drinks wine, nor does he

smoke.
The word Nor is an Alternative Coordinative Conjunction
that indicates something or someone is untrue or unaccepted.
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Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions
Note:
 Other Cumulative Coordinative Conjunctions are: also,
as well as, both … and, not only… but also, now, well.
 Other Alternative Coordinative Conjunctions are: still,
only, however, whereas, nevertheless.
 Other Illative Coordinative Conjunctions are:
Therefore, then, so then.
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Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions are used to connect an
independent (main clause) clause with a dependent (subordinate)
clause. In other words, subordinating conjunctions (or
subordinators) are used to link subordinate clauses with the main
clauses in complex sentences. They include after, if, because,
that, although, though, till, unless, as, before, when, while,
where, than, whether, in order that, nevertheless, etc.
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Conjunctions
Examples:
1. We went camping although it was very cold.
2. The friends decided to go to the cinema because it is too hot

to go to the beach.
3. Father went to work after he had finished breakfast.
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Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions always come at the beginning
of a dependent clause. However, dependent clauses can also
appear before an independent clause (separated by a comma).
1. Although it was very cold, we went camping.
2. Because it is too hot to go to the beach, the friends

decided to go to the cinema.
3. After he had finished breakfast, father went to work.
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Exercise!!!
Subordinating Conjunctions!!!
1. I must apply today ____ it is the last

date.
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Exercise!!!
1. I must apply today because it is the last

date.
Because/ For/ Since. These three subordinating conjunctions are used
to show the cause or reason. Among them because it is most commonly
used and has very great force.
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More examples:
• He could not come to school yesterday since he was ill.
• He could not come to school yesterday, for he was ill
with fever.
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Exercise!!!
2. I have not seen him ____ he left the

school.
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Exercise!!!
2. I have not seen him since he left the

school.
Note: Remember ‘since’ is also used to show point of time!!!
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Exercise!!!
3. You can succeed, ____ you work hard.

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Exercise!!!
3. You can succeed, if you work hard.

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Exercise!!!
4. ____ you work hard, you cannot

succeed.
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Exercise!!!
4. Unless you work hard, you cannot

succeed.
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Exercise!!!
If/ Unless
Both of these are used in conditional sentences. The if/ unless part is
called the subordinate conditional clause and the other part is called the
main clause.
Unless it means ‘if not’. So it turns the main clause into negative.
Example:
 If you stop smoking, your health will improve.
 Unless you stop eating, you will not lose weight.

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Conjunctions
Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative Conjunctions are conjunctions that come in
pairs and function like coordinating conjunctions to connect
sentence elements of the same grammatical class. Hence, they
give emphasis to the combinations of two balanced structures.
They get their name from the fact that they work together (co-)
and relate one sentence element to another. They include
either… or, both… and, neither… nor, as many… as, not
only… but also, whether… or, such… that, so… that, hardly…
when, no sooner… than, scarcely… when, not… but, etc.
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Conjunctions
Examples:
1. Neither John nor Joseph can join the league.
2. The boss requested both Thessa and Grace to lead the team.
3. They served us not only the ice cream but also fruit salad.
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Conjunctions
MORE Examples:
1. She is both intelligent and beautiful.
2. I will either go for a hike or stay home and watch TV.
3. He is neither rich nor famous.
4. He is not only intelligent, but also very funny.
5. Would you rather go shopping or spend the day at the beach?

End of Conjunctions
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Additional Notes to Remember
 Preposition connects nouns or pronouns to another word.
 Conjunction connects two clauses or phrases.
Conjunction and a Preposition both are words which

represent a relationship between two or more words. The
main difference between the two is that a preposition is
always followed by a noun, pronoun, or complement, whereas
a conjunction can be followed by any of the above or by
another conjunction.
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 Prepositions describe the position or relationship between

words and ideas in a sentence.
 Prepositions are always followed by nouns. This is called
a prepositional phrase:
• Among the trees.
• Into the car.
• During my lunch break.
• From my grandmother.
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 Conjunctions join (or conjoin) words or parts of a sentence. Two important

types of conjunctions are coordinating conjunctions and subordinating
conjunctions.
 A coordinate conjunction helps to join the clauses of equal ranks.
 Subordinate conjunction helps to join the clauses in which one is dependent on

the other.
 Subordinate conjunction is a little bit hard to remember in comparison to the
coordinating conjunction because it contains some prepositions in it.
 The words of the subordinating conjunctions have different purposes in a
sentence, it makes one clause less important than the other in a sentence.
Thank you for listening!

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ENG 103: Structure of English

Prof. Jasper Del Valle

Prepared by: Marwin Caro, and

“A preposition is a function word that

Prepositions are used to show

to identify names of streets, Our drugstore is on Gov.

Onto movements onto a place. jump on the rooftop.

dates of the week on Saturday.

1. I feed my fish _____ the afternoon.

1. I feed my fish in the afternoon.

2. School usually starts _____ 15th

2. School usually starts on 15th

3. I listen to music _____ night.

3. I listen to music at night.

1. The Odyssey was written ____ Homer.

1. The Odyssey was written by Homer.

2. The Odyssey is an epic poem ____ the

2. The Odyssey is an epic poem about the

At the end of the lecture, the students shall be

Three Main Types of Conjunctions

2) Subordinating Conjunctions (subordinators)

3) Correlative Conjunctions (co-)

1. Truth ____ honesty is the best policy.

1. Truth and honesty is the best policy.

(join two words)

2. She bought a pen, mugs ____ a book

2. She bought a pen, mugs and a book

3. He stumbled, ____ did not fall.

3. He stumbled, but did not fall.

4. I always want to talk to him, ____ I

4. I always want to talk to him, yet I never

The word Yet is an Alternative Coordinative Conjunction

5. He never drinks wine, ____ does he

5. He never drinks wine, nor does he

2. The friends decided to go to the cinema because it is too hot

2. Because it is too hot to go to the beach, the friends

1. I must apply today ____ it is the last

1. I must apply today because it is the last

2. I have not seen him ____ he left the

2. I have not seen him since he left the

3. You can succeed, ____ you work hard.

3. You can succeed, if you work hard.

4. ____ you work hard, you cannot

4. Unless you work hard, you cannot

 Unless you stop eating, you will not lose weight.

2. I will either go for a hike or stay home and watch TV.

3. He is neither rich nor famous.

4. He is not only intelligent, but also very funny.

5. Would you rather go shopping or spend the day at the beach?

 Preposition connects nouns or pronouns to another word.

 Conjunction connects two clauses or phrases.

Conjunction and a Preposition both are words which

 Prepositions describe the position or relationship between

• Into the car.

• During my lunch break.

 Conjunctions join (or conjoin) words or parts of a sentence. Two important

 Subordinate conjunction helps to join the clauses in which one is dependent on

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