Chapter 10 Respiratory System Presentation

Respiratory system
Respiration
– overall exchange of the gases oxygen and carbon
dioxide between the atmosphere, the blood and the
cells.
The cardiovascular and respiratory systems
equally share the responsibility of supplying
oxygen to and eliminating carbon dioxide from
cells.
PROCESS OF RESPIRATION
1. Ventilation or breathing – movement of
air between atmosphere and lungs.
- inhalation or inspiration
-exhalation or expiration
2. External respiration – exchange of gases
between the lungs and the blood.
3. Internal respiration – exchange of gases
between the blood and body cells.
VENTILATION OR BREATHING
Breathing in – diaphragm
and external intercostal
muscle contract
-Decreased pressure and
vacuum in the lungs
Breathing out – diaphragm

and external intercostal
muscle relax
- Increase pressure
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
Exchange of gases between the lungs and the
blood
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
Exchange of gases between the blood and
the tissues
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Chemical process by which cells break down
glucose to release energy, using oxygen.
HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
ORGANS:
1. Nose
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx
4. Trachea
5. Bronchi
6. Lungs
NOSE
– protrudes from the face and internal nasal cavity
- It contains hair and mucus membranes
FUNCTION
Warms, moistens and filters
inhaled air as it is conducted to the
pharynx.
Nostrils or external nares – openings into the
external nose
Internal nose – connects with the throat or pharynx
via the two internal nares
Nose is separated into right and left
nasal cavity by the nasal septum.
Internal nose has 3 shelves formed by the
turbinates:
1. Superior meatus (olfactory receptors)
2. Middle meatus
3. Inferior meatus
3 functions of inner nose:
- Air is warmed, moistened and
filtered.
- Olfactory stimuli are detected.
- Large hollow resonating chambers
are provided for speech sounds.
PHARYNX
 Also known as throat.
 funnel-shaped passageway that connects the
nasal and oral cavities to larynx
 It is divided into nasopharynx,
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
1. Nasopharynx – 4 openings (2 internal nares,
two openings lead to auditory or eustachian
tubes)
2. Oropharynx – one opening (fauces which
connects with the mouth)
3. Laryngopharynx – connects with esophagus
posteriorly and larynx anteriorly
FUNCTION
2 functions:
1.Passageway for
both food and air.
2.Forms a resonating
chamber for speech
sounds.
LARYNX
- Also called the voice box.
Located between the pharynx and trachea that
houses the vocal cords.
Its walls are supported by
pieces of cartilage:
1. 3 single pieces of thyroid
cartilage (known as Adam’s
apple)
2. Epiglottis
glottis – space between
vocal cords
3. Cricoid cartilage
Mucous membranes of larynx:
1. Vestibular folds or false vocal
cords
2. Vocal folds or true vocal cords
Cough reflex – muscular
contractions increase pressure in
lungs
Cords open forcing air from lungs at
very high velocity
FUNCTION
 Prevents food and fluid from entering the
trachea and lungs during swallowing
 Permits passage of air while breathing
 Prevents foreign materials from entering the

trachea
 Produces sound
Try it!
1. Take a full breath in and force it all out at
once.
2. Take in full breath of air and let it out
slowly with less pressure.
When could you produce loud sound? Soft

sound?
Sound originates from the
vibrations of the true vocal cords.
The true vocal cords are thicker and
longer in men, they vibrate more
slowly, so men have lower range of
pitch than women.
trachea
Commonly called the windpipe.
This is a flexible tubular connection
between the larynx and the bronchi.
function
-Serves as passageway for
air
-Cleanses the air
The goblet cells in the trachea
produce mucus.
The ciliated cells provide
protection against dust particles (as
does larynx and pharynx).
bronchus
-a tube leading from the windpipe to
a lung, which provides for the
passage of air.
The right primary bronchus is more
vertical, shorter and wider than the
left.
BRONCHIOLES
a narrow tube inside the lungs that
branches off the main air passages,
bronchi.
ALVEOLI
a tiny thin-walled air sac found in large
numbers in each lung, through which
oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves
the blood.
LUNGS
The lungs are paired, cone-shaped
organs located in and filling the pleural
divisions of the thoracic cavity.
* The right lung has three lobes (thicker and
broader) and the left lung has two lobes.
* The right lung is also a bit shorter than the
left because the diaphragm muscle is higher
on the right side (make room for liver).
* Lungs has estimated over 300 million
alveoli.
Pleural membrane encloses
and protect each lung:
Parietal pleura – outer layer
attaches the lung to the wall
of the thoracic cavity
Visceral pleura – inner layer
and covers the lungs
Pleural cavity – small space
between these two layers
Pleurisy or pleuritis –
inflammation of pleural
membranes.
The partial pressure of a gas is the amount of
pressure that gas contributes to the total pressure
and is directly proportional to the concentration of
that gas.
Partial pressure of oxygen is PO2 = 160 mmHg

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is PCO 2 = 0.3
mmHg
Common respiratory disorders
Asthma
- passages that enable
air to pass into and out
of the lungs periodically
narrow, causing
coughing, wheezing,
and shortness of breath.
BRONCHITIS
Inflammation of the bronchi. This
can be caused by infection with
bacteria or viruses.
EMPHYSEMA
Destruction of the walls of the
alveoli. It is a progressively
degenerative disease with no cure.
PNEUMONIA (PNEUMONITIS)
Refers to any infection in the lungs.
Individuals with AIDS commonly are infected
with a protozoan, Pneumocystis carinii, which
causes pneumocystis pneumonia.
WHOOPING COUGH
(PERTUSSIS)
Caused by an infection with the bacterium
Bordetella pertussis. It results in a loss of the cilia
of the epithelium that lines the respiratory tract.
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
Is a progressive disorder
characterized by long-term
obstruction of airflow, which results
in diminished inspiration and
expiration capabilities of lungs.
Lung cancer
The longer someone smokes and
the more the person smokes each
day, the greater the risk of
developing lung cancer.

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Respiratory system

Breathing out – diaphragm

 Prevents foreign materials from entering the

When could you produce loud sound? Soft

Partial pressure of oxygen is PO2 = 160 mmHg

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