WHAT IS A STORY?

• A story or narrative is a connected series of events told through

words (written or spoken) imagery (still and moving), body language,
performance, music, or any other form of communication. • It can be
real or imagined. • There are stories about all things and all times.
EXAMPLE OF A STORY

Here are a few examples of the same story told different ways.

Story in just one line:

•The girl met the love of her life and lived happily until the day she died.

Detailed story:

When the girl was 22, she met the love of her life. It was her last day of college, and when she saw
him, she knew he was the one she was going to be with forever—and the boy knew the same. After
graduation, the boy and the girl ran away together to elope. They lived together happily for the
rest of their days.
 TYPE OF STORIES
This article will divide stories into two very broad categories fiction and non-fiction.

Fiction Stories • are based on made-up or imagery events.

Type of fiction stories and genres:

• Fairy tales • Historical fiction • Folklore Fantasy • Mythology • Science-fiction • Legends
• Love stories • Epics • Horror stories • Dramas • Ghost stories • Adventure stories •
Bedtime stories
Non-fiction categories:
• Historical events • Memories and experiences • News and current events • Cultural history •
Biographies and autobiographies • Crime and justice • Science • Love • Family • Travel stories •
Survivor stories • War stories
 IMPORTANCE OF STORY
 • Stories are have been, and always will be an absolutely essential part of human culture. Stories are bow we
learn about each other, our past, and our cultures. Whether they are created for entertainment or to recount
a real life event—new stories are literally being lived, told, and created every second of every day. So, even if
there was only one story for every person who ever lived, that would still billions of stories in the world; it
would be impossible to measure how many have existed.
 EXAMPLE OF STORY IN LITERATURE
 Example 1
"Mask”
By: Shel Silverstein
She had blue skin, And so did he, He kept it hid, And so did she, They search for blue Their whole life through, Then
passed right by – And never new.
Example 2
Rapunzel of Grimms Fairy Tale
Once upon a time there was a man and a woman who had long, but to no avail, wished for a child. Finally, the woman
came to believe that the good Lord would fulfill her wish. Through the small rear window of thew people's house they
could see into a splendid garden that was filled with the most beautiful flowers and herbs. The garden was
surrounded by a high wall, and no one dared enter, because it belonged to a sorceress who possessed great power and
was feared by everyone.
Example 3 CNN Tech Article
There's no other shopping bonanza quite like Alibaba's Singles Day, which has once again smashed records. The tech
giant reported SI7.8 billion in sales during this year's frenzy, breaking the record of S14.3 billion set in 2015. That's
more than Black Friday and Cyber Monday combined.
EXAMPLE OF STORY POPULAR CULTURE

Example 1

Cult-classic fantasy film: The never ending story

Example 2

Everybody knows Will Smith's retro anthem "Prince of lid Air," the theme song to the hit '90s
sitcom Fresh Prince of Bel Air. In the show's intro, Smith uses this rap to fill the audience in on his
backstory
The fresh prince of Bel Air theme song [short version]

Example 3
In Harry Nom And the Deathly Hallows. Hermione rode the every of the three Brothers, which is
port of the wizarding world.
CONCLUSION

•Stories are major part of every aspect of our live, from what we reads to what we do what we talk
and think about. They're crucial to our understanding of history and culture and have been
recorded and passed on since man's earliest days. Stories have always been and will always be at
the core of not only literature, but life!
 WHAT IS A POETRY?

Poetry is a type of literature based on the interplay of words and

rhythm. It often employs rhyme and meter (a set of rules
governing the number and arrangement of syllables in
each line). In poetry, words are strung together to form sounds,
images, and ideas that might be too complex or abstract to
describe directly.
ELEMENTS OF POETRY
 ELEMENTS OF POETRY:

1. STRUCTURE
2. SOUND
3. IMAGERY
4. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
5. ELEMENTS OF FICTION
6. POETIC FORMS
 STRUCTURES

1. Poetic line - the words that form a single line of poetry.

2. Stanza – a section of a poem named for the number of lines it contains.

3. Enjambment – when there is no written or natural pause at the end of a poetic line, so that the
word-flow carries over to the next line.

4. Placement – the way words and poetic lines are placed on the page of a poem.

5. Verse – a line in traditional poetry that is written in meter.

6. Capitalization and Punctuation – In poetry, rules of capitalization and

punctuation are not always followed; instead, they are at the service of the poet’s artistic vision.
 SOUND

1. Rhythm – the basic beat in a line of a poem.

2. Meter – a pattern of stressed and unstressed (accented and unaccented)
syllables (known as a foot) in a line of poetry.
3. End Rhyme – same or similar sounds at the end of words that finish different lines.
4. Internal Rhyme – same or similar sounds at the end of words within a line.
5. Rhyme Scheme – a pattern of rhyme in a poem.
6. Assonance – the repetition of vowel sounds within words in a line.
7. Consonance – the repetition of consonant sounds within words in a line.
8. Alliteration – the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words.
9. Onomatopoeia – words that sound like their meaning.
10. Repetition – sounds, words, or phrases that are repeated to add emphasis or create
rhythm. Parallelism is a form of repetition.
11. Refrain – a line or stanza repeated over and over in a poem or song.
12. Word Play – to play with the sounds and meanings of real or invented words.
 IMAGERY
1. Precise Language – the use of specific words to describe a person, place,
thing, or action.
2. Sensory Details – the use of descriptive details that appeal to one or more of
the five senses.
 FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

1.Simile – a comparison of two unlike things, using the words like or as.
2. Metaphor – a comparison of two unlike things, not using the words like or as.
3. Personification – to ascribe human traits to non-human or non-living things.
4. Symbolism – a person, place, thing, or action that stands for something else.
5. Hyperbole – the use of exaggeration to express strong emotion or create
a comical effect.
6. Verbal Irony or Sarcasm – when you mean the opposite of what you say.
7. Situational Irony – when the outcome of a situation is the opposite of what is expected.
8. Pun – a humorous phrase that plays with the double meaning or the similar sounds of
words.
9. Allusion- a reference to a familiar person, place, or event.
10. Idiom - a cultural expression that cannot be taken literally.
 ELEMENTS OF FICTION (Poems may contain some or all elements of fiction.
For example, a narrative poem (a poem that tells a story) may contain all elements.

1. Setting – the time and place where a story or poem takes place.
2. Point of View / Narrative Voice – the person narrating a story or poem (the story/poem could be
narrated in first person (I, we), second person (you), or third person limited or omniscient (he/she,
they).
3. Characterization – the development of the characters in a story or poem (what they look like, what
they say and do, what their personalities are like, what they think and feel, and how they’re referred to
or treated by others).
4. Dialog or Dialogue – the conversation between the characters in a story or poem.
5. Dialect or Colloquial Language – the particular style of speaking of the narrator and the characters
in a story or poem (according to their region, time period, and social expectations).
6. Conflict – the problem or situation a character or characters face in a story or poem.
7. Plot – the series of events in a story or poem.
8. Tone and Voice – the distinctive, idiosyncratic way a narrator has of telling a story or poem (tone
and voice depend on the intended audience, the purpose for writing, and the way the writer or poem
feels about his/her subject).
9. Style – the way a writer uses words to craft a story or poem.
10. Mood – the feelings and emotions the writer wants the reader to experience.
11. Theme and Message – the main topic of a story or poem, and the message the author or
poet wants to convey about that topic.
 TWENTY POETIC FORMS

1- Acrostic – a poem in which the first letter of each word forms a word – usually a name – if
read downward.
Example: “A Rock Acrostic” by Avis Harley.
2- Couplet – two lines of poetry that rhyme and usually form one complete idea.
Example: The poem “Catch a Little Rhyme” by Eve Merriam is written in couplets.
3- Haiku - a Japanese three-line poetic form – usually about nature – with lines of three,
seven, and five syllables, respectively.
Example: I call to my love on mornings ripe with sunlight. The songbirds answer.
4- Quatrain – a stanza made up of four lines, often containing a rhyme scheme.
Example: “The Toaster” by William Jay Smith.
5- Cinquain – a five-line untitled poem, where the syllable pattern increases by two for each
line, except for the last line, which ends in two syllables (2,4,6,8.2).
Example: The cinquain that begins with “Oh, cat” by Paul B. Janeczko.
6- Limerick – a humorous rhyming poem written in five lines and having a particular meter. It
often begins with “There once was a...”
Example: Limericks by Edward Lear.
7- Sonnet – a poem that is 14 lines long, generally written in iambic pentameter.
Example: “Sonnet 116” by William Shakespeare.
8- Free Verse – a poem that does not follow a predictable form or rhyme scheme or metric
pattern.
Example: “Mother to Son” by Langston Hughes.

9- List or Catalog Poem – a poem in the form of a list, that uses sensory details and precise
language to persuade the reader to take notice of what is being listed.
Example: “Things To Do If You Are a Subway” by Robbi Katz.
10- Villanelle – a challenging poetic form that includes five tercets (aba rhyme) followed by a
quatrain (abaa rhyme) and a pattern of repetition of lines 1 and 3 of the first stanza.
Example: “Is There a Villain in Your Villanelle?” by Joan Bransfield Graham.

11- Ode – a poem that celebrates or praises something.

Example: “Ode to Pablo’s Tennis Shoes” by Gary Soto.

12- Lyric Poetry – poetry that expresses a poet’s personal experience, feelings, and emotions.
Example: “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by William Wordsworth.

13- Blank Verse – a poem written in iambic pentameter, but with no rhyme.
Example: Verses in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare.
14- Blues Poem – poems that – like blues songs – deal with personal or world issues.
Example: “Evening Air Blues” by Langston Hughes.

15- Nonsense Poem – a fun, usually rhyming poem that makes no sense, focusing instead on
the sounds and the rhythm of the poem.
Example: “The Jumblies” by Edward Lear.
16- Concrete Poem – a poem that uses words to form the shape of the subject of the poem
(also known as a “shape poem”).
Example: “Concrete Cat” by Dorth Charles.

17- Narrative Poem – a poem that tells a story.

Example: “The Sneetches” by Dr. Seuss (Theodor Geisel).

18- Ballad – a poem that tells a story, usually written in four-line stanzas.
Example: “The Wreck of the Hesperus” by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

19- Epic Poem – a long and heroic narrative poem.

Example: “The Odyssey” by Homer.

20- Imagist Poetry – poems that contain precise visual images.

Example: “The Red Wheelbarrow” by William Carlos Williams.
 IMPORTANCE OF POETRY

Poetry is probably the oldest form of literature, and probably predates the origin of writing
itself. The oldest written manuscripts we have are poems, mostly epic poems telling the
stories of ancient mythology. Examples include the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Vedas
(sacred texts of Hinduism). This style of writing may have developed to help people
memorize long chains of information in the days before writing. Rhythm and rhyme can
make the text more memorable, and thus easier to preserve for cultures that do not have a
written language.
EXAMPLES IN POETRY LITERATURE

Example 1
I think that I shall never see --> A
a poem lovely as a tree...--> A
poems are made by fools like me,--> B
but only God can make a tree.--> B
(Joyce Kilmer, Trees)

Example 2
I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness,
starving hysterical naked,
dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking
for an angry fix,
angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly
connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night,
who poverty and tatters and hollow-eyed and high sat up smoking...
(Alan Ginsberg, Howl)

Example 3
In the twilight rain,
these brilliant-hued hibiscus –
A lovely sunset
EXAMPLES OF POETRY IN POPULAR CULTURE

Example 1
Rapping originated as a kind of performance poetry. In the 1960s and 70s, spoken
word artists like Gil Scott-Heron began performing their poems over live or synthesized
drumbeats, a practice that sparked all of modern hip hop. Even earlier, the beat poets
of the 1950s sometimes employed drums in their readings.
 DRAMA

- Drama is a mode of fictional representation through dialogue and performance. It is one of

the literary genres, which is an imitation of some action. Drama is also a type of a play written
for theater, television, radio, and film

TYPES OF DRAMA
Comedy – Comedies are lighter in tone than ordinary works, and provide a happy conclusion.
Tragedy – Tragic dramas use darker themes, such as disaster, pain, and death. Protagonists
often have a tragic flaw.
Farce – Generally, a farce is a nonsensical genre of drama, which often overacts or engages
slapstick humor.
Melodrama – Melodrama is an exaggerated drama, which is sensational and appeals directly
to the senses of the audience.
Musical Drama – In musical dramas, dramatists not only tell their stories through acting and
dialogue, but through dance as well as music.
 DRAMATIC STRUCTURE
- The structure is how the plot or story of a play is laid out, including a beginning, a middle and
an end. Plays may also include subplots, which are smaller stories that allow the audience to
follow the journey of different characters and events within the plot.

Exposition - introduces background events and characters.

Rising action - a series of events that create suspense in the narrative.

Climax - the part of the story where the suspense reaches its highest part

Falling action - the main conflict starts to resolve.

Resolution - the conclusion of the story where questions are answered and loose ends are tied
up
EXAMPLES OF DRAMA IN LITERATURE

Example #1
- Much Ado About Nothing (By William Shakespeare)

Example #2: Oedipus Rex (By Sophocles)

Tragedy:

Example #3: The Importance of Being Earnest (By Oscar Wilde)

Farce:

Example #4: The Heiress (By Henry James)

Melodrama:
 FUNCTION OF DRAMA

- Drama is one of the best literary forms through which dramatists can
directly speak to their readers, or the audience, and they can receive instant
feedback of audiences. A few dramatists use their characters as a vehicle to
convey their thoughts and values, such as poets do with personas, and
novelists do with narrators. Since drama uses spoken words and dialogues,
thus language of characters plays a vital role, as it may give clues to their
feelings, personalities, backgrounds, and change in feelings. In dramas the
characters live out a story without any comments of the author, providing the
audience a direct presentation of characters’ life experiences.
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
GROUP 9:
SANDARAN,R
ABLAÑA, R
ELIS, J