Lecture-3

Digital Electronics
(ITIT1201)

Dr. Nalin Kumar Sharma

Deptt. of Electronics and Electrical Engineering
Objectives of this Lecture
• Boolean Algebra
• Gate minimization

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Absorption law
• This law involved absorbing similar variables, i.e., 

1. A.(A+B) = A 
2. A + AB = A
3. A+ A'B = A+B
4. A(A' + B) = AB

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De Morgan law
The operation of an AND or OR logic circuit is unchanged if all inputs
are inverted, the operator is changed from AND to OR, and the output
is inverted, i.e., 

1. (A.B)' = A' + B’ 

2. (A+B)' = A'.B'

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Consensus theorem (Redundancy theorem): 
• AB + A'C + BC = AB + A’C

• Conditions for applying Redundancy theorem are:

1. Three variables must present in the expression. Here A, B and C are
used as variables.
2. Each variables is repeated twice.
3. One variable must present in complemented form.

Keep the terms with complimented variable

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Consensus theorem (Redundancy theorem): 
• (A+B).(A'+C).(B+C)=
= (A+B).(A’+C)

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Minimization of Boolean function
• Number of logic gates decreases
• Speed of operation increases
• Power dissipation decreases
• Cost decreases
• Complexity decreases

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Example: Minimize the Boolean function
• F= ABC’D’ + ABC’D + AB’C’D + ABCD + AB’CD + ABCD’ + AB’CD’

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Minterms
• The product of all variable, either with complement or without
complement, is known as minterm.

• Ex: ABC, A’B’C

• Using variable values, we can write the minterms as:

If the variable value is 1, we will take the variable without its
complement.
If the variable value is 0, take its complement.

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Minterms

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Maxterm Expansion
• The sum of all variable, either with complement or without
complement, is known as maxterm.
• Ex: A+B+C; A’+B+C’
• Using the given variable values, we can write the maxterm as:
If the variable value is 0, then we will take the variable without a
complement.
If the variable value is 1, take the complement of the variable.
• Let's assume that we have three Boolean variables A, B., and C having
values: A=1,B=0;C=0;
• Maxterm=A’+B+C
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Maxterm

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Minterm Expansion (Standard Sum of
Product)
• When a function is written as sum (ORing) of minterms.

• Other name: Canonical SOP

• If F=1 for i-th row of the truth table, the term will present in the
minterm expansion.

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Minterm Expansion (Standard Sum of Product)
Minterm Expansion of a general function of 3 variables can be written as

Sum sign denotes logical summation

The variables can be 0 or 1

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SOP Example:1
Determine the minterm expression/expansion from the following truth table
A B C F
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

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SOP Example-2
• Determine minterm expansion of

F=A’BC’+AB’C+A’B’C+A’B’C’

• Converting Sum of Products (SOP) to shorthand notation

• Converting shorthand notation to SOP expression

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Maxterm Expansion (Standard Product of
Sum)
• When a function is written as Product (ANDing) of maxterms.

• Other name: Canonical POS

• If F=0 for i-th row of the truth table, the term will present in the
maxterm expansion.

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Maxterm Expansion (Standard Product of Sum)
Minterm Expansion of a general function of 3 variables can be written as

sign denotes logical product

The variables can be 0 or 1

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POS Example:1
Determine the minterm expression/expansion from the following truth table
A B C F
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

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POS Example-2
• Determine minterm expansion of

F=(A’+B+C’).(A+B’+C).(A’+B’+C)

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Point to ponder
• What is relation between SOP and POS?

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References
• https://www.javatpoint.com/minterm-and-maxterm-in-digital-
electronics

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