Quarter 4 – Module

1: Testing
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 Analyze the situation
below
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 The table shows Sofia’s friends and their respective time spent on
social media
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 • Hypothesis testing is a statistical method
applied in making decisions using
experimental data. Hypothesis testing is
basically testing an assumption that we
make about a population.

• A hypothesis is a proposed explanation,

assertion, or assumption about a
population parameter or about the
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distribution of a random variable.

 TWO types of Hypothesis
• The null hypothesis is an initial claim based on
previous analyses, which the researcher tries to
disprove, reject, or nullify. It shows no significant
difference between two parameters. It is
denoted by 𝐻𝑜. (𝐻𝑜: )
• The alternative hypothesis is contrary to the
null hypothesis, which shows that observations
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are the result of a real effect. It is denoted by 𝐻𝑎.

 TWO types of Hypothesis
Null hypothesis
 𝐻𝑜:
 = equal to, the same as, no significant difference, is
Alternative hypothesis
 𝐻a:
 not equal, different from, not the same as
 > greater than, above, higher than, longer than,
increased
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 <less than, below, lower than, shorter than,

decreased,reduced
 Take a look at this example.
The school record claims that the
mean score in Math of the incoming
Grade 11 students is 81. The
teacher wishes to find out if the
claim is true. She tests if there is a
significant difference between the
batch mean score and the mean
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score of students in her class.

 Based on the first claim of Sofia that “the
average daily usage of social media of
her friends is the same as the global
average usage”, formulate two
hypotheses about the global average
usage (𝜇) and the average usage of her
friends (𝑥̅) on the blanks provided below.
𝐻𝑜: The average daily usage of Sofia’s friends
is the same as the global average usage.
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𝐻𝑎: The average daily usage of Sofia’s friends

is not the same as the global average usage.
 1. A medical test is conducted to
determine whether a new vaccine
reduces or not the complications of
dengue fever.
2. The enrolment in high school this
school year increases by 10%.

3. The intelligence quotient of male grade

11 students is the same as the female
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students.
 State the null and the alternative
hypotheses of the following statements.

1. A medical trial is conducted to test

whether a new medicine reduces uric
acid by 50% or not.
𝐻𝑜: _____________________________
𝐻𝑎: _____________________________
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 2. We want to test whether the general
average of students in Math is different
from 80%.
3. We want to test whether the mean
height of Grade 8 students is 58 inches.
4. We want to test if LPIHS students take
more than four years to graduate from
high school, on the average.
5. We want to test if it takes less than 60
minutes to answer the quarterly test in
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Calculus.
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Day 2
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 Level of Significance
 The level of significance denoted by alpha or 𝛂
refers to the degree of significance in which we
accept or reject the null hypothesis.

 The significance level α is also the probability of

making the wrong decision when the null
hypothesis is true.
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*the most common levels of significance used are 1%, 5%, or 10%
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 Two-Tailed Test vs One-Tailed
 Test When the alternative hypothesis is
two-sided like
𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0, it is called two-tailed test.

 When the given statistics hypothesis

assumes a less than or greater than
value, it is called one-tailed test.
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 Illustration of the Rejection Region
 The rejection region (or critical region) is the set
of all values of the test statistic that causes us to
reject the null hypothesis.
 The non-rejection region (or acceptance region)
is the set of all values of the test statistic that
causes us to fail to reject the null hypothesis.
 The critical value is a point (boundary) on the test
distribution that is compared to the test statistic to
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determine if the null hypothesis would be rejected.

 Illustration of the Rejection Region
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 Now, let’s take a look at Sofia’s first claim.

Given: 𝜇 = 142, 𝑥̅= 152, s = 19.855, and n = 10

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Use df = n-1 = 9, one-tailed test at 5% level of significance.

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 Sketch the rejection region of the test
hypothesis with critical values of ±1.753 and
determine if the computed t-value of –1.52 lies in
that region.
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The computed t-value is at the non-rejection region. Therefore, we fail

to reject the null hypothesis, 𝐻𝑜.
 Illustrate the rejection region given the critical value and identify if
the t-values lie in the non-rejection region or rejection region.

1. critical t-value of 1.318

computed t-value of 1.1
The computed t-value is at the ___ region.
2. Critical t-value of −1.671
computed t-value of −2.45
3. critical t-value of 1.725
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computed t-value of 2.14

 Illustrate the rejection region given the critical value and identify if
the t-values lie in the non-rejection region or rejection region.
Critical t-Value Computed t-Value
4. ±1.311 −1.134
5. −1.701 −2.48
6. 2.12 2.15
7. -2.306 -2.110
8. 2.228 1.987
9. ±1.812 -1.915
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10. -1.860 -1.915

Day 3
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 Type I and Type II Errors
 Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called a
Type I error with probability denoted by alpha (𝜶). In
hypothesis testing, the normal curve that shows the
critical region is ca lled the alpha region.
 Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false is called a
Type II error with probability denoted by beta (𝛃). In
hypothesis testing, the normal curve that shows the
acceptance region is called the beta region.
 The larger the value of alpha, the smaller is the value of
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beta.
 Type I Error
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 Type II Error
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 Type I and Type II Errors
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 Analyze the possibilities of Sofia’s conclusion. Identify if it
is a Type I Error, Type II Error, or a Correct Decision. If
Sofia finds out that her null hypothesis is …
1. true and she fails to reject it, then she
commits a _____________.
2. true and she rejects it, then she commits a
_____________________.
3. 3. false and she fails to reject it, then she
commits a __________________.
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4. false and she rejects it, then she commits a

____________________________________________.
 Bryan is starting his own food cart business
and he is choosing cities where he will run his
business. He wants to survey residents and
test at 5% level of significance whether the
demand is high enough to support his
business or not before he applies for the
necessary permits to operate in his selected
city. He will only choose a city if there is
strong evidence that the demand there is high
enough. We can state the null hypothesis for
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his test as: 𝐻𝑜: The demand is high enough.

 1. What would be the consequence
of a Type I error in this setting?
a. He doesn't choose a city where
demand is actually high enough.
b. He chooses a city where demand
is actually high enough.
c. He chooses a city where demand
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isn't actually high enough.

 2. What would be the consequence of
a Type II error in this setting?
a. He doesn't choose a city where
demand is actually high enough.
b. He chooses a city where demand
is actually high enough.
c. He chooses a city where demand
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isn't actually high enough

 3. What is the probability of Type I
error?
a. 0.10
b. 0.25
c. 0.05
d. 0.01
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 A quality control expert wants to test
the null hypothesis that an imported
solar panel is an effective source of
energy.
1. What would be the consequence
of a Type I error in this context?
2. What would be the consequence
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of a Type II error?
 a. They do not conclude that the solar panel
is effective when it is not actually
effective.
b. They do not conclude that the solar panel
is effective when it is actually effective.
c. They conclude that the solar panel is
effective when it is actually effective.
d. They conclude that the solar panel is
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effective when it is not actually effective.

 A resort owner does a daily water quality
test in their swimming pool. If the level of
contaminants is too high, then he
temporarily closes the pool to perform a
water treatment.
We can state the hypotheses for his test as:
𝐻𝑜: The water quality is acceptable.
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𝐻𝑎: The water quality is not acceptable.

 a. The owner closes the pool when it
needs to be closed.
b. The owner does not close the pool
when it needs to be closed.
c. The owner closes the pool when it
does not need to be closed.
d. The owner does not close the pool
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when it does not need to be closed.

 In terms of safety, which
error has more dangerous
consequences in this
setting?
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Type 1 Error or Type II Error

 Complete the following statements. Write the
answers in your notebook.
1. ___________is a statistical method applied in
making decisions using experimental data.
2. A _____ is a proposed explanation, assertion,
or assumption about a population parameter
or about the distribution of a random variable.
3. The null hypothesis is an initial claim which
the researcher tries to _______________.
4. The alternative hypothesis is contrary to the
__________________________.
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5. The level of significance is denoted by______.

 6. The significance level α is also the probability
of making the wrong decision when ______.
7. When the alternative hypothesis is two-sided,
it is called _________.
8. When the given statistics hypothesis
assumes a less than or greater than value, it
is called ________________.
9. The rejection region (or critical region) is the
set of all values of the test statistic that
causes us to __________________.
10. Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
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results to what type of error?