UNIT 2

Computer Software
and
DBMS
 BIOS

 POST is followed by a device testing procedure

 All the peripheral devices are connected to the computer are

tested one by one before they are considered for use which can
be notified by blinking of LED of appropriate device
 POST
 When we switch on power supply, it flows toward voltage
stabilizer known as SMPS

 SMPS wait for a fraction of second for voltage to get stabilize

and then proceed toward next stage.

 Completion of this stage is notified with a beep sound.

Bootstraping
 Basic program is loaded in main memory (RAM)
 What is Software?
⬡ Computer software or simply ⬡ Computer software includes
software is a collection of data computer programs, libraries
or computer instructions that and related non-executable
tell the computer how to work. data, such as online
documentation or digital media.
⬡ In computer science and
software engineering, ⬡ Computer hardware and
computer software is all software require each other and
information processed by neither can be realistically used
computer systems, programs on its own.
and data.
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 Types of Software
Based on the goal, computer software can be
divided into:
1. Application Software
2. System Software

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 Application Software
⬡ Application software is software that uses the computer system
to perform special functions or provide functions beyond the
basic operation of the computer itself.
⬡ Application software (app for short) is software designed to
perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities
for the benefit of the user.
⬡ The collective noun application software refers to all
applications collectively. This contrasts with system software,
which is mainly involved with running the computer.
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 Application Software
Examples of an application include:
Word Processor
Spreadsheet
Accounting Application
Web Browser
Email Client
Media Player
File Viewer
Aeronautical Flight Simulator
Console Game or a Photo Editor
 System Software
In system software programs are designed to operate, control and enhances the
processing capabilities of the computer.
System software is developed by computer manufacturer in low level language.
System software controls the hardware so that application software can perform
any action or task
Programs which are included in system software package are known as system
programs and the programmers who develop those programs are known as
system programmer.
 System Software
⬡ System software is software for managing computer hardware
behaviour, as to provide basic functionalities that are required
by users, or for other software to run properly.
⬡ System software is also designed for providing a platform for
running application software and it includes the following:
o Operating Systems
o Device Drivers
o Utilities
o Malicious Software or Malware
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 Operating Systems
 Operating systems are essential
collections of software that manage
resources and provides common
services for other software that runs
“on top” of them.

 Supervisory programs, boot

loaders, shells and window systems
are core parts of operating systems.
 Device Drivers
 Device drivers operate or control a particular type of device
that is attached to a computer.

 Each device needs at least one corresponding device driver;

because a computer typically has at minimum at least one input
device and at least one output device, a computer typically
needs more than one device driver.

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 Utilities
 Utility programs, commonly referred to as just "utilities," are
software programs that add functionality to your computer or
help your computer perform better.
 These include antivirus, backup, disk repair, file management,
security, and networking programs.
 Utilities are computer programs designed to assist users in the
maintenance and care of their computers.

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 Utilities
 Utility Programs A file manager is a utility that performs functions
related to file management – Displaying a list of files – Organizing
files in folders – Copying, renaming, deleting, moving, and sorting
files and folders
 A disk cleanup utility searches for and removes unnecessary files
– Downloaded program files – Temporary Internet files – Deleted
files – Unused program files
 Utility Programs A screen saver causes a display device’s screen to
show a moving image or blank screen if no activity occurs for a
specified time
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 Malicious Software/ Malware
 Malicious software or malware is software that is developed to
harm and disrupt computers, gather sensitive information, or
gain access to private computer systems.
 Malware is closely associated with computer-related crimes,
though some malicious programs may have been designed as
practical jokes.
 It can appear in the form of code, scripts, active content, and
other software.
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 Malicious Software/ Malware
 Today, malware is used primarily to steal sensitive personal,
financial, or business information for the benefit of others.
 malware is often used against individuals to gain personal
information such as social security numbers, bank or credit card
numbers, and so on
 Types of Malware : Viruses, Trojan horses, Worms, Spyware,
Zombie , Phishing, Spam,etc..

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 Types of Operating Systems
I. Batch Operating System
II. Time-Shared Operating System
III.Distributed Operating System
IV. Network Operating System
V. Real Time Operating System
VI.Desktop Systems
VII.Handheld Systems
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 Batch Operating System
 This type of operating system does
not interact with the computer
directly.

It is the responsibility of an operator

to sort the jobs with similar
requirements and group them into
batches to speed up processing.

Examples of Batch Operating

System: Payroll system, Bank
 Advantages Disadvantages
1. It is easy to manage large 1. Batch systems are hard to
amount of work repeatedly debug.
in batch systems. 2. The others jobs will have to
2. Multiple users can share the wait for an unknown
batch system. amount of time if any job
3. Processors of the batch fails.
systems know the time 3. Lack of interaction between
required for a job to the user and the job.
complete.
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 Time-Shared Operating System
Each task is given some amount of
CPU time to execute, so that all the
tasks work smoothly.
These systems are also known as
multitasking systems.
The time that each task gets to execute
is called a quantum, after this time
interval is over the operating system
switches over to the next task.
Examples of Time-Shared Operating
System: Multics, UNIX etc.
 Advantages Disadvantages
1. Each task has an equal 1. Data communication
opportunity. problem
2. CPU idle time can be 2. Reliability problem
reduced. 3. Security and integrity of
3. Less chances of duplication user programs and data
of software. must be taken care of.

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 Distributed Operating System
 In distributed operating systems
independent interconnected
computers communicate with each
other using a shared communication
network.

Independent systems possess their

own memory unit and CPU. These are
referred to as loosely coupled systems.

Examples of Distributed Operating

System: LOCUS, Amoeba etc.
 Advantages Disadvantages
1. Load on the host computer 1. Failure of the main network
is reduced will stop the entire
2. Failure of one system will communication.
not affect the other network 2. These types of systems are
communication, as all the very expensive.
systems are independent 3. The underlying software is
from each other. highly complex and not well
3. Since resources are being understood yet.
shared, computation is fast.
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 Network Operating System
These types of operating systems
allows shared access of files, printers,
security, applications, and other
networking functions over a small
private network.
All the users are well aware of the
underlying configuration, of all other
users within the network, their
individual connections etc. and that’s
why these computers are popularly  Examples of Network OS:
Microsoft Windows Server 2008,
known as tightly coupled systems. Linux, Mac OS X etc.
 Advantages Disadvantages
1. Highly stable centralized 1. Servers are costly
servers 2. User has to depend on
2. Security concerns are central location for most of
handled through servers the operations
3. New technologies and 3. Maintenance and updates
hardware up-gradation are are required regularly
easily integrated to the
system

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 Real-Time Operating System
These types of operating systems serve
the real time systems.
The time interval required to process
and respond to inputs is very small.
This time interval is called response
time.
Real-time systems are used when the
time requirements are very strict like
missile systems, air traffic control
systems, robots etc.
Examples of Distributed Operating
System: medical imaging systems,
 Types of Real-Time Operating Systems

Hard Real-Time Systems Soft Real-Time Systems

⬡ These operating systems are ⬡ These operating systems
meant for the applications are for applications where
where time constraints are the time-constraint is less
very strict and even the strict.
shortest possible delay is not
acceptable.

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 Advantages Disadvantages
1. Maximum utilization of 1. Limited Tasks run at a given
devices and system, thus time and their concentration
more output from all the is very less on few
resources applications to avoid errors.
2. These types of systems are 2. The algorithms are very
error free. complex.
3. Memory allocation is best 3. It needs specific device
managed in these types of drivers and interrupts
systems. signals to response earliest
to the interrupts. 28
 Desktop Operating System
Desktop Systems include PCs running
Microsoft Windows and the Apple
Macintosh.

Operating systems for these

computers have benefited in several
ways from the
development of operating systems for
mainframes.
 Handheld Operating System
Handheld computer is a computing
device small enough to hold and
operate in the hand.
Any handheld device will have a touch
screen interface, a small amount of
memory and slow processors.
 Examples of Handheld systems:
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs),
such as Palm-Pilots, Smartphone's ,
Smart watches or Cellular Telephones
with connectivity to a network such as
the Internet.
 Advantages Disadvantages
1. Handheld computers are 1. While the size of handheld
portable. They are smaller computers is an advantage in
than the typical laptops. portability, it is a
2. Flexibility: Provides an ease disadvantage too.
to both access and update 2. Requirement of large battery
information in real-time. to support fast processors.
3. Improved networking 3. Do not use virtual memory
capabilities techniques, forcing
developers to work with
limited physical memory. 31
 Language Translators
 Computers only understand machine code (binary), this is an
issue because programmers prefer to use a variety of high and
low-level programming languages instead.

 To get around the issue, the high-level and low-level program

code (source code) needs to pass through a translator.

 A translator will convert the source code into machine code

(object code).

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 Types of Language Translators
There are several types of
translator programs, each able
to perform different tasks:

1. Compiler
2. Interpreter
3. Assembler
 Compilers
Compilers are used to translate a program written in a high-level
language into machine code (object code).

Once compiled (all in one go), the translated program file can
then be directly used by the computer and is
independently executable.

Compiling may take some time but the translated program can
be used again and again without the need for recompilation.

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 Compilers
 An error report is often
produced after the full
program has been translated.
 Errors in the program code
may cause a computer to
crash.
 These errors can only be
fixed by changing the original
source code and compiling
the program again.
 Interpreters
 Interpreter programs are able to read, translate and execute one
statement at a time from a high-level language program.

 The interpreter stops when a line of code is reached that contains

an error.

 Interpreters are often used during the development of a program.

 They make debugging easier as each line of code is analysed and

checked before execution.
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 Interpreters
 Interpreted programs will
launch immediately, but
your program may run
slower then a complied file

 No executable file is
produced. The program is
interpreted again from
scratch every time you
launch it.
 Assemblers
 Assemblers are used to translate a program written in a low-level
assembly language into a machine code (object code) file so it can
be used and executed by the computer.

 Once assembled, the program file can be used again and again
without re-assembly.

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 Database Management Systems
 In computerized information system
data is the basic resource of the
organization. So, proper organization
and management for data is required
for organization to run smoothly.
 Database management system deals
the knowledge of how data stored and
managed on a computerized
information system.
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 Database Management System
Database management system is software which is used to
manage the database.
 For example: MySQL, Oracle, etc are a very popular
commercial database which is used in different applications.
DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations
like database creation, storing data in it, updating data,
creating a table in the database and a lot more.
It provides protection and security to the database. In the
case of multiple users, it also maintains data consistency.
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 Database Management Systems
 In any organization, it requires accurate and reliable data for
better decision making, ensuring privacy of data and controlling
data efficiently.

The examples include deposit and/or withdrawal from a bank,

hotel, airline or railway reservation, purchase items from
supermarkets in all cases, a database is accessed.

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 What is Data?
Data is the known facts or figures that have implicit meaning.

It can also be defined as it is the representation of facts, concepts

or instruction in a formal manner, which is suitable for
understanding and processing.

Data can be represented in alphabets (A-Z, a-z), in digits (0-9) and

using special characters (+,-,#,$, etc)

e.g. : Murray 35000 7/18/86

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 What is Information?
Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions
are based. Information can be defined as the organized and
classified data to provide meaningful values.

e.g.: Mr. Murray is a sales person whose annual salary is $35,000

and whose hire date is July 18, 1986.

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 What is a Database?
A collection of data designed to be used by different people is
called database.

 A database is organized collection of related data of an

organization stored in formatted way which is shared by multiple
users.

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 Designing a Database
Database design is the organization of data according to a
database model.
The designer determines what data must be stored and how the
data elements interrelate.
 With this information, they can begin to fit the data to the
database model. Database management system manages the data
accordingly.

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 Entity Relationship Diagram

 Entity Relationship (ER) diagram is a tool to build the logical

database design of the system.

 ER diagram represents the following three elements:

1. Entities
2. Relationships
3. Attributes

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 Entities
An entity is an object with a distinct set of properties that is easily
identified.
Entities are the building block of database.
Entities are represented by means of rectangles.
Some of the examples of entities are student, course, grade etc.

Marks
Student
Course
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 Attributes

 Attributes are properties of entities.

Attributes are represented by ellipse.
Every ellipse represents one attribute and is directly connected to
its entity (rectangle).
For example the employee is the entity and employee’s name, age,
address, salary and job etc are the attribute.

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 Relationship
 A Relationship represents an association between two or more
entities.
 Relationship is represented by diamond box.
There are four types of relationships:
1. One to One
2. One to Many
3. Many to One
4. Many to Many

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 ER Diagram
Example :

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 Thanks
!
Any questions?

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