Do You Have Any Idea About

National Building Code??

 Terminologies
• Foundation/Excavation
• Soiling
• Footing
• Concrete
• PCC
• RCC
• Rebar
• Column
• Tie Beam
 Terminologies
• DPC
• Beam
• Masonry
• Mortar
• Staircase
• Opening
• Slab
• Storey
Do You Have Any Idea About Plan,
Elevation, Section of Building?
Plan
Elevation
Section
 Do You Have Any Idea About
National Building Code??

DUDBC has Published 25 Codes.

NBC 205 for RCC structures without masonry
infill.
NBC 202 for masonry(Load Bearing)structures.
Chapter 2
Masonry
• Brick and Block Masonry
• Bonds in Brick work
• Types of brick walls
• Stone Masonry
• Classification of Stone Masonry
• Composite Masonry
 Masonry
Define Masonry?
• Masonry May be defined as the construction
of building units bonded together with
mortar. The building units may be stone,
bricks or a block of concrete.
Depending upon the types of building units,
masonry can be classified as
• Brick Masonry
• Stone Masonry
• Composite Masonry
• Reinforced Brick Masonry
Brick Masonry:
• Brick Masonry is made of brick units bonded
together with mortar. The essential
components of brick masonry are bricks and
mortar. Mortar acts as cementing material
and unites the individual brick units together
to act as a homogeneous mass.
• Merits of brick masonry:
• All the bricks are of uniform size and shape and hence
they can be laid in any definite pattern.
• Brick units are light in weight and small in size. Hence
these can be easily handled.
• Light partition walls can be easily constructed in brick
masonry.
• Ornamental work can be easily done with bricks.
• Brick are easily available locally in most of the places.
• Even unskilled Labor can learn easily the brick masonry
job.
• If any defected work in brick masonry seen can be
easily concealed by plastering.
• Brick work is more fire resisting.
• Brick can be lifted by manually.
Demerits of Brick Masonry
• Bricks are not suitable for construction of pier,
dams and other water retaining structures as
tensile bond is weak in brick masonry.
• Bricks has much less strength and durability.
• Plastering is necessary in the brick masonry.
• Bricks when exposed are liable to get damp.
General Principle to be observed in brick masonry construction:
(2005, 2008)
The following points should be kept in mind while supervising brick
masonry
• The bricks to be used for the site should be hard, durable, uniform
shape and size, well burnt having uniform color, giving metallic
ringing sound when struck with each other and should not break
when dropped from a height of 1m to the ground surface.
• The bricks should not absorb water more than 20% of its weight
when soaked in water before using it for constructional purpose.
• The brick should be perfectly laid on their beds with frog on the top
surface.
• Broken bricks should not be used as far as possible. However they
can be used for arranging the alternate bonding.
• The brick work should be carried out in proper bond. No continuous
vertical joint should be allowed to develop any where.
• The brick work should be perfectly in level.
• The mortar to be used should be of specified quality old mortar
should not be used.
• The brick work should be raised uniformly. The difference in heights
at any stage between adjacent walls, should not be more than 1m.
• When cross-wall is to be inserted later, steps or tooth should be
provided during construction ( it is better practice to provide steps).
• All the iron fixtures, such as hold fast etc should be embedded in
cement mortar.
• The masonry work should be cure for at least one week after
finishing the work.
• For carrying out brick work at higher level scaffolding should be
adopted.
• The brick work should be carried out perfectly in line. Ends or
corners of the wall should be constructed at first.
• It is desirable to provide about 18mm to 25mm thick expansion
joints for every 30 to 45m length of the walls.
 Classification of brick/brick work:
According to the quality brick masonry are
classified into three types
• First class brick
• Second class brick
• Third class brick
First class brick:
• These class of bricks are well burned, even
surface, perfect shape and uniformly red.
• Metallic ringing sound is heard when two bricks
are struck together.
• Do not absorb water more than 20% of its weight
when immerse in water for 1 hour.
• They are free from cracks, chips, no dues of lime.
• Excellent for all types of works, in the exterior
wall when plastering not required, suitable for
flooring.
• Compressive strength shall not be less than
105kg/cm2
Second class brick:-
• Second class bricks are also of the standard size
but they are slightly irregular in shape and color.
• Metallic ringing sound is must .
• Do not absorb more than 25% of its weight when
immersed in water.
• It is used for exterior wall when plastering is to
be done, interior walls, soak pits.
• These bricks are not suitable for flooring.
• Compressive strength shall not be less than
70kg/cm2 .
Third Class bricks:
• These bricks are irregular in their shape, size and
finish.
• They are not burnt fully and reddish yellow in
color.
• They have low crushing strength.
• Not suitable for quality brick masonry.
• Used in ordinary type of construction and in dry
situation.
• Compressive strength shall not be less than
35kg/cm2
Class of Bricks and Relative
Compressive Strength
•  The actual size of brick in Nepal is 230 mm X
110 mm X 55 mm ( Common Practice)

(Have a Look on NBC for Size of Brick)

Some terminologies in brick masonry construction
• Stretcher:
– A stretcher is the longer face of the brick as seen in
the elevation of wall.
• Header
– A header is the shorter face of the brick as seen in the
elevation of the wall.
• Frog
– A frog is an suppression in the face of a brick to form
a key for holding the mortar. The brick is laid with frog
on the top.
• Flat:
– It is the lower surface of the brick.
Bat: It is the portion of the brick cut across the
width. It is smaller than full size brick. If the
length of the bat is equal to half the length of
the original brick, then it is known as half bat.
If length is equal to three quarters of lengths
of a full brick it is known as three quarter bat.
Queen Closer:
• It is a portion of a brick obtained by cutting a
brick length wise into two portions.
King Closer
• It is a portion of a brick which is so cut that
the width of one its end is half that of a full
brick, while the width of other end is equal to
the full width. It is obtained by cutting the
triangular piece between the center of one
end and the center of other side.
 Bonds
• Systematic arrangement of building units
Types of bond:
The different types of brick bonds are listed as
below
• Stretcher bond
• Header bond
• English bond
• Flemish bond
• Brick on edge bond
• Zigzag bond
• Rap Trap Bond
Stretcher Bond
• Easiest bond to lay & it minimizes the amount
of cutting required.
• Originally used for single brick walls.
• It is used for cavity walls as less cutting is
required.
• Walls are half brick wide.
• No two adjacent vertical joints should be in
line.
Flemish Bond
• Alternate bricks are placed as header and
stretcher in every course.
• Each header is placed centrally between the
stretcher immediately above and below. This
is not as strong as the English bond at 1 brick
thick (9”).
• It can be successfully applied in cavity wall.
English Bond
• Alternative courses of headers and stretchers.
• One header placed centrally above each
stretcher.
• This is a very strong bond when the wall is 1
brick thick(9”).
• One of the strongest brickwork patterns.
Header bond:
• Consists entirely of courses of headers, with the
bricks in each successive course staggered by half
a header.
• Alternately stretching and heading three-quarter
bats serve for quoins, generating the necessary
offset.
• Header bond is often used on curving walls with
a small radius of curvature.
• This bond does not have strength to transmit
pressure in the direction of the length of the wall.
• So it is not suitable for load bearing wall
• Brick on edge bond: This bond uses stretcher
bricks on edge instead of bed. This bond is
weak in strength but is economical. Hence it is
used for garden walls, compound walls. This
bond consumes less number of bricks
Zigzag bond:
• This bond is commonly used for making
ornamental panels in the brick flooring. The
bricks are laid in zig-zag fashion.
 Rat Trap bond
• In this bond bricks are placed in vertical
position instead of conventional horizontal
position and thus creating a with in the wall.
• It is cheaper, thermal insulating.
Types of walls:
• There are three types of walls. They are
• Load bearing wall
• Non load bearing wall
• Monolithic wall
• Load bearing wall
• The wall which is designed to carry the superimposed load and
transmit it directly to the foundation is called load bearing wall 
• Non Load bearing wall
• The wall which does not support the load and transmit but
separate, different part of building or structure is called non load
bearing wall. Eg Partition wall
• Monolithic walls:
• The wall which requires additional support during its construction
and can be made as whole unit is called monolithic wall. This type
of wall is used for underground tank, retaining structure as well as
overhead tank which support the lateral pressure.
 
Strength of brick wall:
The strength of brick wall depends upon
• Type and quality of brick
• Mortar mix proportion
• Shape and size of masonry construction
• The strength of brick depends upon the nature of
soil used for making bricks and the method
adopted for moulding and burning of bricks
Stone Masonry:
• Stone Masonry is made of stone units bonded
together with mortar. The material used for
stone masonry are stone and mortar.
 Merits of Stone Masonry:
• Stone masonry is stronger than brick masonry
• It does not require external plastering. Due to
this maintenance cost is low.
• Stone work is more water tight than brick
masonry. It protects the building from dampness.
• The life of stone masonry is much more than
brick masonry.
• Better architectural effects can be given in stone
work.
 Demerits of stone Masonry:
• Stone Masonry construction requires high skilled masons.
• Stone are massive and heavy in size so, they can not be
easily handled.
• Since stones are irregular in shape and size the process of
dressing and placing stone requires extra labor and more
time.
• Stones are less fire resistive.
• Stone are available in stone quarries. Due to this
transportation cost increases.
• Light partition walls cannot be constructed easily in stone
masonry.
• General Principle to be observed in stone
masonry (2006, 2007)
The following points should be kept in mind
while supervising the stone masonry work.
• The stones used should be strong, tough, hard
and should be free from defects like cracks,
flaws, veins etc.
• Each stone block should be well watered
before use so that it does not absorb the
water from mortar.
• Stones should be dressed properly according to the type of
masonry.
• Proper bond should be maintained and formation of vertical
joint should be avoided.
• No tensile stress should be allowed to develop in masonry.
• Masonry work should be raised uniformly.
• Broken stones, small pieces and chips should not be used for
facing and backing.
• The mortar to be used for the work should be of proper
quality and proportion.
• Vertical surface of wall should be constructed
perfectly in plumb.
• When new construction is to be laid over old or
dry one, it is necessary to clean it properly and
wetted before starting the construction.
• Double scaffolding should be adopted to carry
out the stone masonry at higher level.
• The exposed joints of masonry should be
properly pointed by cement mortar.
• After construction is over the whole work
should be cured for 2 to 3 weeks.
Wall Plan
Wall Section
Wall at T Junction
 Classification of stone Masonry

Depending upon the arrangement of stone in

the construction, degree of refinement used
in shaping the stone and finishing adopted,
stone masonry are classified into two types
• Rubble masonry
• Ashlar Masonry
 Classification of stone Masonry

Stone Masonry

Rubble Ashlar
Masonry Masonry

Coursed Fine Tooled

Un-coursed Rough Tooled

Random Quarry Faced

` Dry Chamfered

Facing
• Rubble Masonry: In this type of masonry the
block of stone as obtained from quarry used,
these are either undressed or comparatively
roughly dressed. The Masonry has wide joints,
since stones of irregular size and shapes are
used. To remove sharp shapes they may be
hammered. The rubble masonry may be
coursed or uncoursed.
• In uncoursed rubble masonry the wall is
brought to level at every 300 mm to 500 mm.
The mortar consumed in these constructions
is more. Course rubble masonry is used for the
construction of public and residential
buildings. Uncoursed rubble masonry is used
for the construction of foundations,
compound walls, garages, labour quarters etc.
Rubble masonry is further classified into
different types
• Un-coursed rubble masonry
• Random rubble masonry
• Coursed rubble masonry
• Dry Rubble masonry
Un-coursed rubble masonry:
• This is the roughest and cheapest form of stone
walling.
• Different sizes of stones are used for this
purpose.
• These stones are directly obtained form quarry
except knocking out some corners.
• The stones are carefully laid so as to break
joint as much as possible.
• To avoid thick joints, chips of stone or spalls are
used.
Random rubble masonry:
• This is slightly superior to un-coursed rubble
masonry.
• The stones used in the work are hammered
or chisel-dressed.
• The stones are not suitably shaped or finished
i.e. Stones of irregular shapes and sizes are
used.
• The height of stone should be greater than
their breadth.
Coursed Rubble Masonry:-
• This form of masonry is commonly adopted in
the construction of residential building, public
buildings, piers etc.
• The stone used are well dressed.
• All the course have uniform height.
• The face stone are hammered and well
dressed
Dry rubble masonry:
• This is similar to ordinary rubble masonry
without mortar. The construction is cheapest
and required skill in construction. This may be
used for non-load bearing walls. (compound
wall)
Ashlar Masonry:
Ashlar masonry consists of blocks of accurately dressed stone
with extremely fine bed and end joints. The block may be
either square or rectangular in shape. The height of blocks in
each course is kept equal, but not necessary to keep all the
course of same height.
It is further divided into
• Ashlar Fine tooled
• Ashlar rough tooled
• Ashlar quarry faced
• Ashlar chamfered
• Ashlar facing
• Ashlar fine tooled:
• This is the finest type of stone masonry work ,
Each stone is cut to regular & required shape
and sizes so as to have all sides rectangular, so
that the stone gives horizontal and vertical
joints.
• In this type of masonry, all the stones are fine
tooled, on all bed and side joints.
• The height of the course is never less than 30
cm and generally all course are kept of same
height.
• The stone facing is generally laid as header
and stretcher alternatively.

“Thistype of masonry gives perfectly smooth

appearance but costly in construction”
Ashlar fine tooled:
• Ashlar Rough tooled:
In this type of masonry, the beds and sides of
each stone block are finely chisel dressed
same as ashlar fine tooled masonry but the
exposed face is dressed by rough tooled.
The size, angle, edges etc. are well maintained
and thickness of mortar joint not be more
than 6mm.
Ashlar Rough tooled:
• Ashlar Quarry or Rock faced:
• This type of construction is similar to ashlar rough
tooled except that the a strip is provided around the
perimeter of every stone exposed for the view. But
the remaining portion of the face is left in the same
form as received from quarry.
 Ashlar chamfered:
It is special type of ashlar rock faced masonry in which
the strip provided around the exposed face is
Chamfered at an angle of 45 degree to a depth of 25
mm.
Ashlar Facing
• Ashlar facing Masonry is provided along with
brick or concrete block masonry to give better
appearance.
• The sides and beds of each block are properly
dressed. The exposed face of the stone are
rough tooled and chamfered.
Composite wall
• A wall composed of multiple vertical layers of 
masonry, in which one layer is different from the
others in type or grade of stone/brick or mortar used.
•  It is the one which is constructed out of two or more
types of building units or of different materials.
• Composite masonry may be adopted due to two
reasons
I. For aesthetic view.
II. To make use of available materials, to obtain
optimum economy.
 Types of composite masonry
• Composite Masonry may be of following types
I. Stone composite Masonry.
II. Brick stone composite masonry.
III. cement concrete composite masonry.
IV.Reinforced brick masonry.
V.Hollow clay tile masonry.
VI.Glass Block masonry etc.
THANK YOU