May -2019
Highway Engineering I
CENG 3182
Lecture Four
Eskindir.Z
[email protected]
Chapter 4
Drainage and drainage structure
4.1 Introduction to drainage structure
4.2 Surface and subsurface drainage
4.3 Highway drainage system
4.4 Design a highway drainage system
(side and cross drainage structure)
4.1 Introduction to drainage structures
Water is the main contributor to the wear and damage of low rural
roads. This water can be in the form of ground water, surface water
(streams and rivers) or rain and also it can damage the road in several ways.
If the flow of water is not properly managed the deterioration of the
road will be more serious and occurs rapidly.
This will lead to higher maintenance demands and in worst cases
result in serious damage which may obstruct the passage of the traffic. So
that an efficient drainage system is required to allow water to flow off and
away from the road rapidly.
So that, this will be achieved by applying the following techniques.
Road surface drainage which enables the water to flow off the road
surface.
Side drains which collects and lead the water away from the road.
Catch water drains which catch surface water before it reaches the road.
Culverts which lead the water from the side drains under the road to
other lower side (crossing structure).
Bridges which allows the road to cross rivers and streams in a controlled
manner thought the seasons
Highway drainage structures are an essential component in the design
development of a Highway.
Procedures take into account factors such as rainfall intensity,
catchment areas, ground cover and runoff.
The procedures cover a range of drainage design applications
currently used in Ethiopia. Channel free boards height will be 0.3 meters.
Types of drainage structure
1) Trapezoidal longitudinal side ditch
2) Rectangular cross drainage structure and longitudinal side ditch
3) V- ditch (stone pitching)
4) Circular cross drainage structure and longitudinal side ditch (pipe
culvert or pipe)
5) Culvert structure
6) Bridge structure
7) Manhole structures and inlet structures
4.2. Surface and sub surface drainage
4.2.1 Surface drainage
Surface runoff (also known as overland flow) is the flow of water that
occurs when excess storm water, melt water, or other sources flows over the
earth's surface.
This might occur because
Soil is saturated to full capacity,
Rain arrives more quickly than soil can absorb it, or because
Impervious areas (roofs and pavement) send their runoff to surrounding
soil that cannot absorb all of it.
A land area which produces runoff that drains to a common point is
called a drainage basin.
If surface runoff are not properly considered as a designed
• It can damage the pavement (potholes)
• It can lay on the road and make the road sleeper (safety can be
compromised)
• It can accumulate siltation so that changed to dust and directly affect
pavement performance
4.2.2 Sub surface drainage
Subsurface flow, in hydrology, is the flow of water beneath earth's
surface as part of the water cycle.
In the water cycle, when precipitation falls on the earth's land,
some of the water flows on the surface forming streams and rivers.
The remaining water, through infiltration, penetrates the soil
traveling underground, hydrating the vadose zone (The region
between the Earth's surface and the water table) soil, recharging
aquifers (Underground bed or layer yielding ground water for wells
and springs etc.), with the excess flowing in subsurface runoff. In
hydrogeology it is measured by the Groundwater flow equation.
Sub surface flow can be take in to consideration when
• Deep cut
• When ground water table is located near the surface
Function of Highway Drainage:
• Remove water from the road surface
• Prevent ingress of water into the pavement
• Pass water across the road, either under or over
• Prevent scour and/ or washout of the pavement, shoulder, batter slopes,
water courses and drainage structures
4.3. Types of Drainage Systems
1) Kerb and Gullies:
2) Surface Water Channel:
3) Combined Filter Drain (French Drain)
4) Over-the-edge Drainage
5) Drainage Channel Blocks
6) Combined Kerb and Drainage Units
7) Linear Drainage Channels
8) Fin and Narrow Filter Drain (Sub-surface Drainage):
9) Edge Drainage for Porous Asphalt:
4.4. Design a Highway Drainage System
1. Economical Side Ditch Cross Sections
a) Trapezoidal Section
L
2. Discharge Calculation
The following methods have been adopted from ERA DDM (Drainage design
manual) to calculate the peak discharge depending on the size of the catchment
area:
For catchment area < 0.5km2 or 50 hectare ----- use Rational Method
For catchment area > 0.5km2 ----- use The United States Soil
Conservation Service method (SCS).
For catchment area >300km2 ----- use Gaindotti method and flood
Frequency Analysis for the Gauged river
Rational Method
The Rational Method is most accurate for estimating the design storm
peak runoff for areas up to 50 hectares (0.5 km2). This method, while first
introduced in 1889, is still widely used. Even though it has come under
frequent criticism for its simplistic approach, no other drainage design
method has achieved such widespread use.
Discharge calculation rational method which the catchment area is less
than 0.5 km2 (50hc)
Q = 0.00278*Cf*C*I*A
Where
Q = Maximum rate of runoff, m3/s
C = Runoff coefficient representing a ratio of runoff to rainfall
I = Average rainfall intensity for a duration equal to the time of
concentration, for a selected return period, mm/h
A = Catchment area Tributary to the design location, ha
Cf = Frequency factor
0.00278 =ha*mm/h = (10,000*0.001*1)/3600 = 0.00278
How can you deal with it If different runoff coefficient “C”
value were given ??????
𝑨 𝟏 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 𝑪𝟐 + 𝑨𝟑 𝑪 𝟑
Wetted mean for runoff coefficient 𝑪=
𝑨 𝟏+ 𝑨 𝟐+ 𝑨 𝟑
Catchment area calculation
The first step in applying the Rational Method is to obtain the
appropriate area of catchment in which it can be used as an input for
side ditch drainage design under the consideration of surface
drainage.
Area of catchment can be calculated either in simple mathematics
equation width multiply with length or using grids (divide the
catchment area with small scale square units)
Fig 1.1. potential source of discharge for side ditch design
Intensity calculation
The rainfall intensity (I) is the average rainfall rate in mm/h for a
duration equal to the time of concentration for a selected return period.
Once a particular return period has been selected for design and a time
of concentration calculated for the catchment area, the rainfall intensity
can be determined from Rainfall-Intensity-Duration curves.
Intensity can be calculated in two ways
i. Using formula
ii. Rainfall-Intensity-Duration curves for use in Ethiopia are given in
Figures 5-9 through 5-12 at the end of this chapter
Important parameters in calculating rainfall intensity are
1. Time of concentration
2. Recurrence interval (design period)
1. Time of concentration
The rainfall intensity used in the rational method is determined
from the time of concentration Tc. Tc is defined as the time required
for surface runoff water to flow hydraulically from the remotest point
of the catchment to the point of exit.
The Time of concentration has been calculated using different
methods and those methods are discussed below
a) Using 2002 ERA manual (chart)
b) Kirpich formula.
c) Kinematic wave method
d) Izzard method
a)Using 2002 ERA manual (chart)
a)Given data over land flow Then time of over land = 14 min
a)Over land distance Lo = 120m Tc = To + Tch
b)Slope of over land S = 1% Tch =
c)Runoff coefficient C = 0.7
b)
( )
2 0.385
0.87 ∗ 𝐿
𝑇 𝑐 =60 ∗
1000 ∗ 𝑆
Where
The Time of concentration has been calculated using Kirpich formula.
This formula have limitation and common errors, but Computing Tc for two
reaches of main channel, from the low point to the 0.7 point, then from
there to the end of the channel, has been found to give better results.
Major draw back is too high intensity by making time of
concentration less
+
C)
d)
1
530 ∗ 𝐾 ∗ 𝐿 3 when
𝑡𝑐 = 2
Where
𝑖𝑒 3
Tc = Time of concentration (min)
L = Overland flow (m)
So = Slope
Cr = Retardence coefficient
ie = Effective rain fall intensity mm/h
2.8 ∗10 −6 𝑖𝑒 +𝐶 𝑟
𝐾= 1
3
𝑆0
3. Cross section calculation from manning’s formula
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝐐= 𝑨 𝑪 ∗ 𝐕
𝐕 = ∗ 𝑺 𝟐 ∗ 𝑹𝟑
𝒏
Where
• V is the cross-sectional average velocity (L/T; ft/s, m/s);
• n is the Gauckler–Manning coefficient. Units for values of “n” are often left off,
however it is not dimensionless, having units of: (T/[L1/3]; s/[ft1/3]; s/[m1/3]).
• S is the slope of the hydraulic grade line or the linear hydraulic head loss (L/L),
which is the same as the channel bed slope when the water depth is constant.
(S = hf/L).
• R = is the hydraulic radius (L= ft, m);
• = is cross sectional area of drainage section
• Q The discharge formula, Q = A V, can be used to manipulate Gauckler–
Manning's equation by substitution for V. Solving for Q then allows an estimate of
the volumetric flow rate (discharge) without knowing the limiting or actual flow
velocity.
Thank you
