Diode Approximation

Electronic Circuits – ELEC 10004.
2
Unit 1: Diode Applications
Diode
Approximatio
ns
Week 3
Approximations
•Three different approximations can be
used when analyzing diode circuits.
•The one used to depend on the desired
Diode
accuracy of your circuit calculations.
•These approximations are referred to
as
• The first approximation
• The second approximation
• The third approximation
First Approximation
The first approximation treats

a forward-biased diode like a
closed switch with a voltage
drop of zero volts, as shown in
Figure.
Second
Approximation
The second approximation

treats a forward-biased diode
like an ideal diode in series
with a battery, as shown in
Figure.
Second
Approximation
The second approximation

treats a forward-biased diode
like an ideal diode in series
with a battery, as shown in
Figure.
Third Approximation
Piecewise linear model
1. The third approximation of a diode

includes the bulk resistance, rB.
2. The bulk resistance, rB is the
resistance of the p and n materials.
3. The third approximation of a
forward-biased diode is shown in
Figure.
Third Approximation
Third Approximation
Problems 3
a) Determine the forward voltage and forward

current for the diode in figure 1 for each of the
diode models. Also find the voltage across the
limiting resistor in each case. Assume at the
determined values of forward current.
b) Determine the reverse voltage and reverse
current for the diode in figure 1b for each of
the diode model. Also find the voltage across
the limiting resistor in each case. Assume .
Load-Line Analysis (graphical
solution)
• The analysis of diode can follow one of two paths: using the actual characteristics or
applying an approximate model for the device.
• Load Line Analysis: is used to analyze diode circuit using its actual characteristics.
Floyd (2004)
13
solution)
• A straight line is defined by the parameters of the network.

• It is called the load line because the intersection on the
vertical axes is defined by the applied load R.
Floyd (2004) 14
solution)
Steps:
• Apply a KVL to the given diode circuit and
write an equation.
• Put VD = 0 V and find ID (i.e. it gives value of ID
on the vertical axis).
• Put ID = 0 V and find VD (i.e. it gives value of VD
on the horizontal axis).
• Draw a straight line joining these two points
that defines the DC load line of a circuit.
• The point of intersection of a drawn DC load
line with the V-I characteristics of a diode
gives the value of VD and ID (i.e. operating
point or quiescent operating point or Q-point)
15
Diode
Applications
Week 3
Diode Rectifiers and Power Supplies
Applications Clipper circuits
Clamper Circuits
Zener Diode
DC power supply
Floyd (2004)
17
• A rectifier is an electrical circuit that converts an
alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC).
Rectifiers and • Rectification is the process of converting AC to

DC.
Power • The most important components in power
Supplies supplies are rectifier diodes, which convert ac

line voltage to dc voltage.
• Diodes are able to produce a dc output voltage
because they are unidirectional devices
allowing current to flow through them in only
one direction.
Floyd (2004)
18
Types
Half Wave:
of – Negative components of sine
Rectifi wave are discarded.
ers Full Wave:

Centre-Tap full wave rectifier
Full wave Bridge rectifier
– Negative components are
inverted.
Floyd (2004)
19
• Simplest kind of rectifier circuit is half-
wave rectifier.
• Allows one half of AC waveform to pass
Halfwave through to load.

• Converts alternating current (AC) to direct
Rectifiers current (DC).

• Involves device that only allows one-way
flow of electrons, and this is exactly what
semiconductor diode does.
Floyd (2004)
20
Halfwave
Rectifiers
Efficiency:
• Rectifier Efficiency =
(Output DC Power)/
(Input AC Power)
• Efficiency of a half-wave
rectifier = 40.6 %
21
Floyd (2004)
Halfwave
Rectifiers
22
(Boylestad, 2012)
PIV (Peak Inverse Voltage) : It is the maximum reverse
voltage in the circuit that the diode must withstand
without damage
Halfwave PIV > Vm

PIV = Peak Inverse Voltage
Rectifiers PRV = Peak Reverse Voltage
Vm = Peak AC Voltage
Disadvantages :
For most power applications, half-wave
rectification is insufficient for task.
– Harmonic content of rectifier's output waveform is very
large and consequently difficult to filter.
– AC power source only supplies power to load once every
half-cycle, meaning that much of its capacity is unused.
23
Problems 4
What is the average value
of the half wave rectifier
voltage in Figure.
A center-tapped rectifier is a type of full-wave
rectifier that uses two diodes connected to the
secondary of a center-tapped transformer, as shown in
figure
Full wave
Rectifiers -
centre tapped
Floyd (2004)
25
During positive half cycle: D1 - Forward biased, D2 is
reverse biased
Full wave
Rectifiers -
center
tapped
Floyd (2004)
26
During negative half cycle: D1 reverse bias, D2 forward bias
Full wave
Rectifiers -
center
tapped
Floyd (2004)
27
Rectification Circuit: Full-Wave
Disadvantages:
• It is difficult to find centre tap
on the secondary coil of the
transformer.
• The DC output is small as each
diode uses only half of the
transformer secondary voltage.
28
The bridge rectifier uses four diodes in bridge network.
Full
wave
Rect
ifiers
-
Brid
ge
recti
fier
29
The bridge rectifier uses four diodes in bridge network.
Full
wave
Rect
ifiers
-
Brid
ge
recti
fier
30
During positive half cycle: D1 - Forward biased, D2 is
reverse biased
Full wave
Rectifiers -
Bridge
rectifier
31
Advantages:
• Centre Tap transformer not required.
Full wave • For the same secondary voltage, output is double
Rectifiers - that of a centre – tap circuit.
Bridge Disadvantages:
• Four diodes are required.
rectifier • As for each half-cycle of AC input voltage, two
diodes conduct, the loss of power in the diodes is
more than in a centre-tap full wave rectifier.

Efficiency of a full-wave rectifier :
• Maximum efficiency of full wave rectifier = 81.2%
• The efficiency is double that of a half wave rectifier.
32
Ripple Factor: is the ratio of A.C value to the D.C value of
the rectifier output.
Ripple Factor =
Rectifiers For half wave rectifier, ripple factor = 1.21

For full wave rectifier, ripple factor = 0.48
Full-wave rectifier is widely used for changing AC to DC.
33
S. Parameter Type of rectifier
No
Halfwave Full wave Bridge
Important 1. No. of diodes 1 2 4
parameter 2.
-Rectifiers 3. Peak inverse

voltage
2
4. Ripple factor 1.21 0.48 0.48

5. Rectifier Efficiency 40.6% 81.2% 81.2%
6. Transformer No Yes No
requirement
34
Thank You!

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Electronic Circuits – ELEC 10004.

The first approximation treats

The second approximation

The second approximation

1. The third approximation of a diode

a) Determine the forward voltage and forward

• A straight line is defined by the parameters of the network.

Rectifiers and • Rectification is the process of converting AC to

Supplies supplies are rectifier diodes, which convert ac

ers Full Wave:

Halfwave through to load.

Rectifiers current (DC).

Halfwave PIV > Vm

Rectifiers For half wave rectifier, ripple factor = 1.21

Important 1. No. of diodes 1 2 4

-Rectifiers 3. Peak inverse

4. Ripple factor 1.21 0.48 0.48

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