CCNP Switching

Basic components of switching

What is CSMA/CD
• Carrier sense multiple access/collision detection
• It is a protocol for carrier transmission access in Ethernet
networks
• Collisions are identified using access methods called CSMA/CD
& CSMA/CA
• CSMA/CD works in wired LAN while CSMA/CA works in wireless
LAN
• IN CASE OF HUB
• There is only one collision domain as the hosts connected in a
network can do one way communication.
• Either they can transmit or receive.
• In case of Switch
• No. of collision domains =No. of ports available
Broadcast Domain
• Domain is like a boundary. Broadcast means set of devices
which recieves a packet originating within the LAN.

Identify how many Broadcast domain are there?

Ethernet & IEEE 802.3 frame
header
• If we are using layer-2 protocols eg.STP,CDP then the packets
uses IEEE 802.3 frame header while the protocols of layer-3
will have ethernet frame structure
Preamble
• The first field is preamble .This part is used to synchronize the
frame with the layer 1
• It is 8 byte data containing binary bits
• In case of ethernet the preamble n start of frame is together
• E.g 01101001 & 011100 11
If the last bit is 11 then it symbolises the start of frame
Whereas in case of IEEE 7 bits are preamble & 1 bit is of SFD
SA& DA stands for source address n destination MAC address .
“Type” stands for the type of service we are using
In case of ethernet header next section we have is payload
section which carries the actual data
N last section is the trailer which error correction FCS i.e Frame
Checksum sequence
How to configure SVI
Process switching
• 1)checks the FCS of Received frame
• 2)Checks the ethernet field(checks the source n desitnation
mac address)
• 3)Remove the layer 2 information
• Check the IP header Checksum
• Destination IP address lookup(TTL verification n it must be
grater than 1if it is not directly connected)
• Checks the next hop address in the router lookup table
• Makes the new L2 Header(includes the header ip & new
checksum bits is included)
• Checks the TTL n IP header checksum
• At final Checks the header n trailer part & forwards the frame
Fast Switching
It only check your:
Layer 2 Header
Next Hop
Exit Interface
And all the information is stored in the Router Cache
VLAN
VTP(Vlan Trunking Protocol)
Native Vlan: A native vlan is the untagged vlan on an 802.1q
trunked switchport. 
Link aggregation (LAG) is a partial implementation of the 802.3ad port
aggregation standard. It bundles all of the controller's distribution system ports into a
single 802.3ad port channel. This reduces the number of IP addresses required to
configure the ports on your controller.
What is the benefit of ethernet
channel?
• It is formed by aggregating multiple ports.The benefit if it
double the allocated bandwidth
• Link aggregation can be done between any two switches or a
switch or server or switch or router
• Concept by discovered by cisco
• Bandwidth becomes twice e.g If in a configuration we have
two switches n further it is connected to two computer then
bandwidth will be equally distributed.this is called load
balancing
Load Balancing depends :
• Source & destination ip address
• Source & destination mac address
• Source & destination tcp/udp port numbers
• TO ENABLE ETHERNET CHANNEL
• Max you can use 8 ports
• ALL PORTS IN ETHERCHANNEL MUST BE CONFIGURED
IDENTICALLY
• Speed settings same
• Duplex settings
• STP settings
• Vlan Settings
• VLAN should be same
• Native Vlan should be same
• Allowed Valn show be same
• Trunking encapsulation must be same
To check etherchannel status: #show etherchannel summary
Why we need Spanning Tree
Protocol?
STP Path Selection
STP Timer
• Hello Time: Time between Hello BPDU’s Default:2 sec
• Max Age: The bridge should wait for this amount of time after
not hearing a hello BPDU before running the STP algorithm
which is 20 sec
• Forward Delay: The amount of time a port should stay in the
listening & learning stages as it changes from blocking to
forwarding mode which is 15 sec
RSTP (Rapid spanning tree
protocol)
• It is a standard way of speeding STP convergence
• Inbuilt feature of portfast,uplinkfast,backbonefast
• Path selection remains as same as STP
• Portfast: a command used to make the edge port transit into
listening or learning state to forwading state a s fast as possible
• Uplinkfast: this means I if one of the switch’s direct link goes
down by default the alternate port goes up
• Backbone fast: In this case the the switch sends TCN(topolgy
change network packets),.
• In backbone fast case if a switch’s one port is blocked and by
default in case other port also goes down, then this proprty will let
the other port which is a blocked port goes up within 30 sec
interval
RSTP Port States
RSTP Synchronisation
MSTP
• Method of creating instances of multiple vlan so as to
minimize the root bridge elections
BPDU
• Loop Guard and UDLD.
•  Loop guard and UDL are two ways to protect your fiber
cables from causingloops in the network. In short, loop
guard is a spanning-tree optimisation, and UDLD is a layer
1/2 protocol (unrelated to spanning-tree) that protects your
upper layer protocols from causing loops in the network.
Intervlan Routing
Router on a stick method
How to configure?
Redundancy Protocols
• VRRP
• The Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) is a computer
networking protocol that provides for automatic assignment
of available Internet Protocol (IP) routers to participating
hosts.
• GLBP
• Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP) is a Cisco proprietary
protocol that attempts to overcome the limitations of existing
redundant router protocols by adding basic load balancing
functionality. 
How to configure VRRP?
GLBP(Gateway Load Balancing
Protocol)
• Load Balancing
• Layer -3 Redundancy protocol
• Cisco Properiety
GLBP Router roles
AAA(Authentication
Authorization Accounting)
Identity Based Networking
How to configure private vlan
Vlan Trunk Security