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LINUX Unit 1

Linux is an open-source operating system based on Unix with a modular kernel managed by Linus Torvalds. It uses a hierarchical file system and is widely used as a server and desktop OS due to being free and customizable. Common Linux components include the kernel, shell, commands/utilities, and files/directories organized in a tree structure.

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204 views50 pages

LINUX Unit 1

Linux is an open-source operating system based on Unix with a modular kernel managed by Linus Torvalds. It uses a hierarchical file system and is widely used as a server and desktop OS due to being free and customizable. Common Linux components include the kernel, shell, commands/utilities, and files/directories organized in a tree structure.

Uploaded by

Ishan Patwal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Operating System - Linux

Linux is one of popular version of UNIX Operating


System.

It is open source as its source code is freely


available. It is free to use(FOSS).
Kernel
Kernel is the core of the Linux based operating
system.

It virtualizes the common hardware resources


of the computer to provide each process with
its virtual resources.
• Linux, based on the Unix is one of most powerful and versatile
operating system.

• A research team at AT&T’s Bell Labs developed Unix in the late 1960s
and early 1970s with a focus on creating an operating system that
would be accessible and secure for multiple users.

• In 1991, Linus Torvalds released the Linux kernel as free, open-source


software(FOSS).

• Open source means that the code is fully visible, and can be modified
and redistributed.
Linux is used in most of the servers like web Server, Email Server, DNS Server, File
Servers, workstations, home user PC, client and even more than 80% of
supercomputers.

Feature of Linux
• Written in high level language “C”
• Use hierarchical file system allows easy file maintenance
• Use consistent file format: byte stream
• Multiuser and multi-process system
• Use round robin scheduling with multilevel feedback. Process aging is employed
to prevent starvation
• Memory management employ swapping and demand paging
Basic Concepts
• Kernel: The kernel is the heart of the operating system. It interacts with the
hardware and most of the tasks like memory management, task scheduling
and file management.

• Shell: The shell is the utility that processes your requests. When you type in
a command at your terminal, the shell interprets the command and calls
the program that you want. The shell uses standard syntax for all
commands. C Shell, Bourne Shell and Korn Shell are the most famous shells.

• Commands and Utilities: There are various commands and utilities which
you can make use of in your day-to-day activities. cp, mv, cat and grep, etc.
are few examples of commands and utilities.
Components of Linux System

Linux Operating System has primarily three components

• Kernel − Kernel is the core part of Linux. It is responsible for all major activities of
this operating system. It consists of various modules and it interacts directly with
the underlying hardware. Kernel provides the required abstraction to hide low
level hardware details to system or application programs.
• System Library − System libraries are special functions or programs using which
application programs or system utilities accesses Kernel's features. These libraries
implement most of the functionalities of the operating system and do not requires
kernel module's code access rights.
• System Utility − System Utility programs are responsible to do specialized,
individual level tasks.
Files and Directories: All the data of Linux is organized into files. All files are then
organized into directories. These directories are further organized into a tree-like
structure called the filesystem.
There are three basic types of files –

Ordinary Files − An ordinary file is a file on the system that contains data, text, or
program instructions. In this tutorial, you look at working with ordinary files.

Directories − Directories store both special and ordinary files. For users familiar with
Windows or Mac OS, Unix directories are equivalent to folders.

Special Files − Some special files provide access to hardware such as hard drives, CD-
ROM drives, modems, and Ethernet adapters. Other special files are similar to
aliases or shortcuts and enable you to access a single file using different names.
Most of Linux version has GUI like MS Windows, however to
explore the full capability of Linux user need to learn the
command mode.

Each command in Linux has many options which effect the


output.

To explore more about command such as attribute and


parameters user can use inbuilt help using man command.
Login Linux
• When you first connect to a Linux system, you usually see a prompt such as :
login:
To log in
• Have your user id (user identification) and password ready.
Contact your system administrator if you don't have these yet.
• Type your user id at the login prompt, then press ENTER.
Your user id is case- sensitive, so be sure you type it exactly as your system
administrator has instructed.
• Type your password at the password prompt, then press ENTER. Your password is also
case-sensitive.
• If you provide the correct user id and password, then you will be allowed to enter into
the system.
You will be provided with a command prompt (sometime called the $ prompt or %
prompt) where you type all your command
Linux Command Structure:
The Linux command structure is command [ -options] [arguments]

The options are specified by “- “ followed by one letter per option.

The option changes the output pattern of command.

Argument specifies that the command will work on the argument supplied if any.
e.g. $ ls ;
List information about directories & files of current working directory

$ ls –l ; display long list contents of current working directory


$ ls –l /etc;
display long list contents of directory /etc.
Difference between more and less command

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