Lesson 1 Differential Calculus Introduction

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CALCULUS 1

(DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS)
EMATH113B
What is Differential Calculus?
 A branch of mathematics, invented by Sir Isaac Newton.
He is known for developing the laws of motion and
gravitation, which undoubtedly led to his work in calculus.
When trying to describe how an object falls, he found that
the speed of the object increased every split second and
that no mathematics currently used could describe the
object at any moment in time.
 Study of limits.
 a branch of mathematics concerned with the
determination, properties, and application of derivatives
and differentials.
  a subfield of calculus that studies the rates at which
quantities change.
Importance of Differential Calculus
-To check the instantaneous rate of change such as
velocity.

 To evaluate the approximate value of small change in a


quantity.

 To know if a function is increasing or decreasing


functions in a graph
Lesson 1

 Functions and Limits


Functions
 When two variables say x and y are so related such that
for every value of x, there corresponds a value for y,
then we say y is a function of x. In symbols,

 Where
 – independent variable
 – dependent variable
Examples:
 1. If = , what is the set of all if
?

Solution:

=
2
2. If , find

 Solution:
3. If and find

 Solution:

 )+3

 +3

 -
4. If show that
Proof:

Recall:

But
 :

 But
 But


Limits
 Definition:

 If there is a number such that in order to make the


value of as close to as may be desired, it is sufficient
to choose close enough to , but different from , then
we say that the limit of as approaches is , i.e,
Theorems on Limits
 I. The limit of sum or difference of two or more
functions is equal to the sum or difference of their
limits, i.e,

 Illustration:


Theorems on Limits
 II. The limit of product of two or more functions is equal
to the product of their limits, i.e,

 Illustration:


Theorems on Limits
 III. The limit of quotient of two functions is equal to the
quotient of their limits, provided that the limit of the
denominator exists, i.e,

 Provided that

 Illustration:
Sample Problems
Evaluate the following limits.

1.

Solution:
Sample Problems
2.

Solution:
Sample Problems
3.

Solution:
Sample Problems
 4.

 Solution:

Indeterminate
Indeterminate Forms

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Sample Problems

 By Factoring the numerator,

=2
Sample Problems
5.

Solution:

indeterminate
Sample Problems
6.

Solution:

indeterminate
Sample Problems
 :

For Numerator,

Possible numerator:
Possible denominator:
Possible roots:

Using synthetic division,

Depressed Equation:
Sample Problems
For Denominator:
:

Possible numerator:
Possible denominator:
Possible roots: , 3, 3/2, 6)

Using synthetic division,

Depressed Equation:
Sample Problems


Sample Problems
 7.

 Solution

indeterminate
Sample Problems


Sample Problems
 8.

 Solution:

indeterminate
Sample Problems
Sample Problems
 9.

 Solution:

 indeterminate
Sample Problems


Theorems on Limits
IV. If is measured in radians, then
Theorems on Limits
 Proof:

From the figure,


Theorems on Limits

Dividing both sides by ,


Theorems on Limits

 Taking the limits of both sides as ,


Theorems on Limits
 Therefore,
 Q.E.D.

In General,
Sample Problems
Evaluate the following limits.

1.

Solution:

indeterminate
Sample Problems
Sample Problems
 2.

 Solution:

indeterminate
Sample Problems
Sample Problems
 3.

 1st Solution:

indeterminate
Sample Problems
 Recall:

Likewise,
Sample Problems

Sample Problems
 2nd Solution:


Sample Problems
 4.

 Solution:

indeterminate
Sample Problems

Using Identities,
Sample Problems
5.

Solution:

indeterminate
Sample Problems
Sample Problems
Right and Left Hand Limits
Right Hand Limits Left Hand Limits

The right-hand limit of f(x) at a is L if the values of f(x) get


closer and closer to L as for values of x which are to
the right of a but increasingly near to a. (The superscripts -
and + on the objective indicate that the limit is a left-
or right-handed limit.)
Sample Problems
1.

Solution:

indeterminate
Sample Problems
Sample Problems
2.

Solution:

indeterminate
Sample Problems
Sample Problems
3.

Solution:

indeterminate
Sample Problems
Sample Problems
4.

Solution:

indeterminate
Sample Problems

For Numerator,

Possible numerator:
Possible denominator:
Possible roots:

Using Synthetic division,


Sample Problems
By Grouping,
Sample Problems
Sample Problems
5.

Solution:

indeterminate
Sample Problems
Limits of Infinity

Limits at infinity are used to describe the behavior of


functions as the independent variable increases or
decreases without bound. If a function approaches a
numerical value  in either of these situations, write
Sample Problems
1.

Solution:
Sample Problems
2.

Solution:

Indeterminate
Sample Problems
Sample Problems
3.

Solution:

indeterminate
Sample Problems

=.
Sample Problems
4.

Solution:
Sample Problems
5.

Solution:

=0
Sample Problems
6.

Solution:

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