General Physics 2

ELECTRIC
CHARGES
MODULE 1
You learned from chemistry that the atom is the basic
building block of matter. It comprises the following
subatomic particles: proton, electron, and neutron. These
three differ in the charge that they carry. Protons are
positively charged (+e), whereas electrons have negative
charges (-e). Neutrons have no charge or are electrically
neutral.
 ELECTRIC
• In the CHARGE
atomic level, an electric charge
determines the electric interaction and
magnetic interaction between subatomic
particles and other charged particles. This
means that they are affected by
electromagnetism.
ELECTRIC
CHARGE
 LAW OF
CHARGES
Law of charges is stated as follows: Like
charges repel each other, and unlike charges
attract each other.
 ELECTRIC
• As a derived SI CHARGE
(or International System of Units)
quantity, an electric charge is represented by the symbol
"q" and measured using the unit coulomb (C). In
chemistry, you learned that the charges of subatomic
particles are measured in terms of e. The relationship
between e and coulomb is:
• 1 coulomb = 6.242 x 1018 e
 ELECTRIC
CHARGE
• In an atom, the subatomic particles provide the net charge. An
electrically neutral atom contains an equal number of protons and
electrons. An atom that has an imbalance in the number of protons
and electrons is called an ion. Cations are positive ions (more protons
than electrons), and anions are negative ions (more electrons than
protons).
 CONDUCTORS
• are materials that allow electrical charges to move
from one material to another. Conductors may be
charged through different methods-rubbing,
conduction, and induction.
CHARGING BY
RUBBING
 CHARGING BY
RUBBING
• An electrically neutral body can gain a charge by rubbing or
friction. Consider two different uncharged bodies. Because of
the difference in their material compositions, the nuclei of
their atoms pull their electrons with different strengths.
Rubbing these two bodies will force their atoms to interact
with one another, resulting in the "ripping off" of electron(s)
from the body with a weaker electron hold.
 CHARGING BY
• The "ripped off" RUBBING
electrons are then transferred to the
other body. After rubbing, one of the bodies will have
more electrons, and the other one will have fewer. Thus,
both of them will now be electrically charged.
CHARGING BY
RUBBING
 CHARGING BY
• The RUBBING
charge acquired by rubbed materials can be
determined using the triboelectric series. The
triboelectric series is a list of common materials that
were experimented on and found to behave in a
predictable way. When these materials are rubbed
together, those that appear first in the list tend to lose
their electrons, making them positive.
 CHARGING BY
• RUBBING
Meanwhile, those latter in the list tend to gain
electrons, making them negative. In other words,
if you rub any two of the materials in the series,
the material in the earlier part of the list will be
positive, and the other material in the latter part
will be negative.
CHARGING BY
CONDUCTION
 CHARGING BY
CONDUCTION
• A body can also be electrically charged
through conduction.
CHARGING BY
CONDUCTION
CHARGING BY
INDUCTION
 CHARGING BY INDUCTION
• Another method of electrically charging
a body is through induction.
CHARGING BY INDUCTION
 CHARGING BY INDUCTION
• A negatively charged balloon is placed near (but without
physical contact) a neutral tin can. As a result, the positive
charges of the can move to the left, near the negatively
charged balloon because of attraction. Meanwhile, the
negative charges move to the right side of the tin can,
away from the balloon because of repulsion. The negative
charges at the right side of the tin can are known as
induced charges.
 CHARGING BY INDUCTION
• Being near a negatively charged object, the tin
can's electrical charges separate-the negative
charges move to the right side, and the positive
charges move to the left side. The separation of
electrical charges to opposite poles due to
induction is known as polarization.
 CHARGING BY INDUCTION
• Charging an object by induction may also
occur through a process called grounding.
CHARGING BY INDUCTION
ELECTRIC
DIPOLES
 ELECTRIC DIPOLES
• In the previous discussion, you have learned
that when you bring a neutrally charged body A
near a strongly negative body B, its positive
charges will be drawn near B, and the negative
charges will be pushed to the other side. This
resulting condition polarizes the body and
forms a dipole.
 ELECTRIC DIPOLES
• Polarization is the process wherein an
electrically neutral body becomes polar by the
rearrangement of its molecules.
 ELECTRIC DIPOLES
• Point dipoles refer to atoms bearing a positive side
and a negative side. In such atoms, the electrons
converge or gather on one side and the protons on the
other. An extension of this concept gives rise to
molecular dipoles. This type of dipole involves a
molecule having a negatively charged side and a
positively charged side.
 ELECTRIC DIPOLES
• Another way to classify dipoles is whether they are
permanent or temporary (instantaneous). An
instantaneous or a temporary dipole is an atom or a
molecules with most of its negative charges shifted
only to one side as a result of their random
movement.
 Thank You
for listening!