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Lecture 09

The document discusses information processing and data processing. It describes the information processing cycle as involving input, processing, storage, and output. It also discusses common types of data processing errors like transcription errors and transposition errors. It then covers topics like data integrity, ways to minimize threats to integrity, and different methods of data processing including manual, mechanical, electronic, batch, online, distributed, and real-time processing. Real-time processing provides up-to-date information for instant decision making but is more complex and expensive to develop.

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Oswald C H Chikuse
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26 views13 pages

Lecture 09

The document discusses information processing and data processing. It describes the information processing cycle as involving input, processing, storage, and output. It also discusses common types of data processing errors like transcription errors and transposition errors. It then covers topics like data integrity, ways to minimize threats to integrity, and different methods of data processing including manual, mechanical, electronic, batch, online, distributed, and real-time processing. Real-time processing provides up-to-date information for instant decision making but is more complex and expensive to develop.

Uploaded by

Oswald C H Chikuse
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Information systems

Data Processing

1
Data processing

▰ For data to be processed the information processing is


followed
▰ the information processing cycle refers to the order of events
that go into processing information including input,
processing, storage and output.
▰ Information processing cycle involves a series of activities
namely:
▻ Input ▻ Storage
▻ Process ▻ Feedback
▻ Output 2
Summary of the information processing cycle

3
Data processing errors

▰ Transcription error: It is a specific type of data entry


error which happens when the source data is input into the
computer. For example misreading of the source document
like o instead of 0 or 1 instead of I.
▰ Transposition error: It is an error caused by reversing
two or more digits while entering data or posting
transactions. For example typing 3789 (wrong) instead of
3987 (correct).
4
Data processing errors

▰ Computation errors: These are errors that


occur during arithmetic operations. They include
errors such as number round off errors, register
overflow errors or number truncation error.
▰ Algorithm or logical errors: These are errors
due to wrong instructions in the program that
makes the program to run but gives out wrong
results.

5
Data Integrity

▰ Data integrity aims to achieve dependability, accuracy


& completeness of data/information
Data integrity may be compromised through:
▰ Human error, whether malicious or unintentional.
▰ Transfer errors, including unintended alterations or data
compromise during transfer from one device to another.
▰ Bugs, viruses/malware, hacking, and other cyber
threats.
▰ Compromised hardware, such as a device or disk crash.
6
Ways of minimizing threats to data integrity

▰ Backing up the data on external storage media


▰ Enforcing security measures to control access to
data
▰ Using error detection & correction software when
transmitting data
▰ Designing user interfaces that minimize chances of
invalid data being entered.

7
Data processing methods

Data is processed in 3 main ways


1. Manual Data Processing
▰ Data is processed manually without using any machine
or tool to get required results. In manual data processing,
all the calculations and logical operations are performed
manually on the data. Similarly, data is transferred
manually from one place to another.
▰ With the advancement in technology the dependency on
manual methods has drastically decreased.
8
Data processing methods….cntd

2. Mechanical Data Processing


▰ Data is processed by using different devices like
typewriters, mechanical printers or other
mechanical devices. This method of data
processing is faster and more accurate than manual
data processing.
▰ Examination boards and printing press use
mechanical data processing devices frequently.
9
Data processing methods….cntd

Electronic Data Processing


▰ Electronic data processing or EDP is the modern technique to process data.
The data is processed through computer; Data and set of instructions are
given to the computer as input and the computer automatically processes the
data according to the given set of instructions. The computer is also known as
electronic data processing machine.
Batch Processing
▰ Batch Processing is a method where the information to be organized is sorted
into groups to allow for efficient and sequential processing.
Online Processing
▰ Online Processing is a method that utilizes Internet connections and
equipment directly attached to a computer.
10
Data processing methods….cntd

Distributed Processing
▰ Distributed Processing is commonly utilized by remote
workstations connected to one big central workstation or
server.
Real-Time Processing
▰ Real-Time Processing is a technique that has the ability to
respond almost immediately to various signals in order to
acquire and process information.

11
Example of real time processing
▰ Airline reservation systems
▰ Theatre (cinema) booking
▰ Hotel reservations
▰ Banking systems
▰ Police enquiry systems
▰ Chemical processing plants
▰ Hospitals to monitor the progress of a patient
▰ Missile control systems 12
Advantages
▰ Provides up-to-date information
▰ The information is readily available for instant decision-
making
▰ Provides better services to users/customers.
▰ Fast &reliable
▰ Reduces circulation of hardcopies.
Disadvantages
▰ Not easy to develop
▰ Real time systems usually use 2 or more processors to share
the workloads, which is expensive. 13

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