Data Analysis Dr.

Emmanuel Hans
Associate Professor ,Lincoln University College, Malaysia

Data analysis, is a process for obtaining raw data, and

subsequently converting it into information useful for decision-
making by users. Data, is collected and analyzed to answer
questions, test hypotheses, or disprove theories.
Data analysis is a process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming,
and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful
information, informing conclusions, and supporting decision-
making. This type of analysis helps describe or summarize
quantitative data by presenting statistics. For example, descriptive
statistical analysis could show the distribution of sales across a
group of employees and the average sales figure per employee.
Descriptive analysis answers the question, “what happened?”
Data analysis simply refers to the process of applying
logical and analytical reasoning in the evaluation of
data. Data analysis involves the modeling, compiling
and extraction of all components of the raw data to
generate constructive information.
Data analysis is one of the most important steps
involved in the process of research experiment.
The purpose of data analysis is to extract valuable
insights and information from data, which can be used
to inform decision-making, identify trends and
patterns, and support research and development efforts.
in the process of research experiment.
 Example of Data Analysis
A simple example of Data analysis is whenever we
take any decision in our day-to-day life is by thinking
about what happened last time or what will happen by
choosing that particular decision. This is nothing but
analyzing our past or future and making decisions
based on it. For that, we gather memories of our past or
dreams of our future. So that is nothing but data
analysis. Now same thing analyst does for business
purposes, is called Data Analysis.in the process of
research experiment.
 Purposes of data analysis
The purpose of data analysis is to extract useful
insights and information from data. Data analysis
involves collecting, cleaning, and organizing data,
and using statistical and analytical techniques to
identify patterns, trends, and relationships in the
data.
Data analysis is used in a variety of fields and
industries, including business, science,
engineering, and social science. It can be used to
inform decision-making, identify trends and
patterns, test hypotheses, and support research and
 Purposes of data analysis
Some common goals of data analysis include:
Identifying trends and patterns: Data
analysis can be used to identify trends and
patterns in data, which can provide valuable
insights into how a system or process is
functioning.
Making predictions: Data analysis can be
used to make predictions about future
outcomes or trends based on past data.
 Purposes of data analysis
Identifying relationships: Data analysis can
help to identify relationships between
different variables or factors, which can
provide insight into how different factors
influence each other.
Supporting decision-making: Data analysis
can provide a basis for informed decision-
making by providing data-driven insights that
can help to guide strategic planning and
policy development.
 Data Analysis Process
The Data Analysis Process is nothing but gathering
information by using a proper application or tool which
allows you to explore the data and find a pattern in it.
Based on that information and data, you can make
decisions, or you can get ultimate conclusions.
Data Analysis consists of the following phases:
•Data Requirement Gathering
•Data Collection
•Data Cleaning
•Data Analysis
•Data Interpretation
•Data Visualization
 Data Analysis: Techniques and Methods
Statistical Analysis
Statistical Analysis shows “What happen?” by using past data in the
form of dashboards. Statistical Analysis includes collection, Analysis,
interpretation, presentation, and modeling of data. It analyses a set of
data or a sample of data. There are two categories of this type of
Analysis – Descriptive Analysis and Inferential Analysis.
Descriptive Analysis
analyses complete data or a sample of summarized numerical data. It
shows mean and deviation for continuous data whereas percentage
and frequency for categorical data.
Inferential Analysis
analyses sample from complete data. In this type of Analysis, you can
find different conclusions from the same data by selecting different
samples.
 Data Analysis: Techniques and Methods
Predictive Analysis
Predictive Analysis shows “what is likely to happen” by using
previous data. this Analysis makes predictions about future
outcomes based on current or past data. Forecasting is just an
estimate.
Prescriptive Analysis
Prescriptive Analysis combines the insight from all previous
Analysis to determine which action to take in a current problem or
decision. Most data-driven companies are utilizing Prescriptive
Analysis because predictive and descriptive Analysis are not
enough to improve data performance. Based on current situations
and problems, they analyze the data and make decisions.
 Top Data Analysis Tools
Here's a list of the top seven data analysis tools in
terms of popularity, learning, and performance.
•Tableau Public
•R Programming
•Python
•Apache Spark
•SAS
•Excel
•RapidMiner
 Statistics
Statistics is the science of collecting, analyzing,
presenting, and interpreting data. Governmental needs
for census data as well as information about a variety of
economic activities provided much of the early impetus
 for the field of statistics.
Data are the facts and figures that are collected,
analyzed, and summarized for presentation and
interpretation. Data may be classified as either
quantitative or qualitative. Quantitative data measure
either how much or how many of something,
and qualitative data provide labels, or names, for
categories of like items. 
 Qualitative and Quantitative Variables
For example, suppose that a particular study is interested in
characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, and annual
income for a sample of 100 individuals. These characteristics
would be called the variables of the study, and data values for
each of the variables would be associated with each individual.
Thus, the data values of 28, male, single, and $30,000 would be
recorded for a 28-year-old single male with an annual income of
$30,000. With 100 individuals and 4 variables, the data set
would have 100 × 4 = 400 items. In this example, age and annual
income are quantitative variables; the corresponding data values
indicate how many years and how much money for each
individual. Gender and marital status are qualitative variables.
The labels male and female provide the qualitative data for
gender, and the labels single, married, divorced, and widowed
indicate marital status.
 Qualitative and Quantitative Variables
For example, suppose that a particular study is interested in
characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, and annual
income for a sample of 100 individuals. These characteristics
would be called the variables of the study, and data values for
each of the variables would be associated with each individual.
Thus, the data values of 28, male, single, and $30,000 would be
recorded for a 28-year-old single male with an annual income of
$30,000. With 100 individuals and 4 variables, the data set
would have 100 × 4 = 400 items. In this example, age and annual
income are quantitative variables; the corresponding data values
indicate how many years and how much money for each
individual. Gender and marital status are qualitative variables.
The labels male and female provide the qualitative data for
gender, and the labels single, married, divorced, and widowed
indicate marital status.
 Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics are tabular, graphical, and numerical
summaries of data. The purpose of descriptive statistics is to 
facilitate the presentation and interpretation of data. Most of the
statistical presentations appearing in newspapers and magazines
are descriptive in nature. Univariate methods of descriptive
statistics use data to enhance the understanding of a single
variable; multivariate methods focus on using statistics to
understand the relationships among two or more variables. To
illustrate methods of descriptive statistics, the previous example
in which data were collected on the age, gender, marital status,
and annual income of 100 individuals will be examined.