NETWORK

AND
COMMUNICAT
ION
DEVICES
Yujin Kyle Dela Fuente
Concepts of Data Communications
Telecommunication means communication at a distance

Telephony

Telegraphy

Television
Data Communication
is the transfer of data or information between a source and a
receiver. The source transmits the data and the receiver receives it.

The purpose of Data Communications is to provide the rules and

regulations that allow computers with different disk operating
systems, languages, cabling and locations to share resources.
Three fundamental characteristics
Delivery
The System must deliver data to the correct destination. Data must be received by the intended device or user
and only by that device or user.

Accuracy
The system must deliver data accurately. Data that have been altered in transmission and left uncorrected are
rustles.

Timeliness
The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered late are useless. In the case of video, audio, and
voice data, timely delivery means delivering data as they are produced, in the same order that they are
produced, and without significant delay. this kind of delivery id called real-time transmission.
 What is
Signal
A signal is an electromagnetic or electrical current that is used for
carrying data from one system or network to another.
 Analog
Signal
Is a continuous signal in which one time-varying quantity represents another
time-based variable.
 • These type of electronic signals are time varying
• It can be either periodic or non-periodic.

Characteristic • Minimum and maximum values which is either positive or

• It helps you to measure natural or physical values.
negative.

s of Analog • Analog Signal works on continuous data.

• The accuracy of the analog signal is not high when compared

Signal to the digital signal.

• Analog signal output form is like Curve, Line, or Graph, so it
may not be meaningful to all.
 Digital Signal
Is a signal that is used to represent data as a sequence of separate values at
any point in time. It can only take on one of a fixed number of values.
Characteristic • Digital signal are continuous signals.
• Digital signals are versatile, so it is widely used.

s of Digital
• The accuracy of the digital signal is better than that of the
analog signal.
• This type of electronic l signals can be processed and

Signal transmitted better compared to analog signal.

 The difference between
Analog and Digital Signals
Analo Digita
g l
• An analog signal is a continuous signal that • The digital signal bandwidth is high.
represents physical measurements.
• It uses a continuous range of values that help you to • It is denoted by square waves
represent information. • Digital signal uses discrete 0 and 1 to represent
• Temperature sensors, FM radio signals, Photocells, information.
Light sensor, Resistive touch screen are examples
of Analog signals. • Computers, CDs, DVDs are some examples of
• The analog signal bandwidth is low Digital signal.
• It is denoted by sine waves • Digital signals are time separated signals which are
generated using digital modulation. It is denoted by
sine waves
 The advantage between
Analog and Digital Signals
Analo Digita
g l
• Easier in processing • Digital data can be easily compressed.

• Best suited for audio and video transmission. • Any information in the digital form can be
encrypted.
• It has a low cost and is portable.
• Equipment that uses digital signals is more
• It has a much higher density so that it can present
common and less expensive.
more refined information.
• Easy to transmit the data over networks
• Not necessary to buy a new graphics board.
• A lot of editing tools are available
 The disadvantage between
Analog and Digital Signals
Analo Digita
g l
• Analog tends to have a lower quality signal than • Sampling may cause loss of information.
digital.
• A/D and D/A demands mixed-signal hardware.
• The cables are sensitive to external influences.
• It offers limitations in editing
• Processor speed is limited
• Low availability of models with digital interfaces.
• Develop quantization and round-off errors

• The cost of the Analog wire is high and not easily • It requires greater bandwidth
portable.
COMPONENTS OF
DATA
Components of Data
Communication
Sender : Sender prefers information (data) and send it to receiver
Medium: it carriers information from sender to receiver.
Receiver: Receiver receives information.
Protocols: There are rules under which data transmission takes place
between sender and receiver
Representation of data
communication
Data representation is defined as the methods used to represent
information in computers. Different types of data can be stored in
the computer system.
 METHOD OF
DATA
REPRESENTATIO
N IN DATA
COMMUNICATIO
N
Decimal Numbers
As human we are used to writing numbers using digits 0 to 9. This
is called base 10. This number system has been widely adopted, in
large part because we have 10 fingers.
Binary Numbers
Any positive integer (whole number) can be represented by a sequence of 0s
and 1s. Numbers in this form are said to be in base two, and are called binary
numbers.
Hexadecimal Numbers
Writing numbers in binary is tedious since this representation uses between 3
to 4 times as many digits as the decimal representation. Another name for
hexadecimal numbers is alpha decimal because the numbers are written from
0 to 9 and A to F. where A is 10, B is 11 up to F that is 15.
Text
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII code) defines
128 different symbols. The symbols are all the characters found on a standard
keyboard, plus a few extra.
Graphics
Graphics on computer screen are consists of pixels. The pixels are
tiny dots of color that collectively paint a graphic image on a
computer screen. It is physical point in a raster image, or the
smallest addressable element in an all points addressable display
device.
COMPUTER NETWORK
A Collection of computing devices that are connected in various way in order to communicate and share
resources. Usually, the connections between computers in a network are made using physical wire and
cables
Types of Network
There are several different types of computer networks. Computer networks can be characterized by their
size as well as their purpose. The size of a network can be expressed by the geographic area they occupy
and the number of computers that are part of the network. Networks can cover anything from a handful of
devices within a single room to millions of devices spread across the entire globe. Network may be small
or large based on it size, complexity and distribution area.
3 Types of Network
• Local area network (Lan)
• Wide area network (wan)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 Local area network (Lan)
is a collection of devices connected together in one physical location, such as a building, office,
or home. A LAN can be small or large, ranging from a home network with one user to an
enterprise network with thousands of users and devices in an office or school. Regardless of
size, a LAN's single defining characteristic is that it connects devices that are in a single,
limited area.
 Wide area network (Wan)
is a large network of information that is not tied to a single location. WANs can facilitate
communication, the sharing of information and much more between devices from around the
world through a WAN provider.
Metropolitan area network (Man)
is a computer network that connects computers within a metropolitan area, which could be a
single large city, multiple cities and towns, or any given large area with multiple buildings.
Transmission media
refer to the media through which data can be carried from a source to a destination. Data is transmitted
from one device to another through electromagnetic signals.
Twisted Pair Cable
is a type of cabling that is used for telephone communications and most modern Ethernet networks. A pair
of wires forms a circuit that can transmit data.
Coaxial cable
is commonly used by cable operators, telephone companies, and internet providers around the world to
convey data, video, and voice communications to customers. It has also been used extensively within
homes.
Fiber-optic cable
contains anywhere from a few to hundreds of optical fibers within a plastic casing. Also known as optic
cables or optical fiber cables, they transfer data signals in the form of light and travel hundreds of miles
significantly faster than those used in traditional electrical cables.
Radio waves
are the electromagnetic waves that are transmitted in all the directions of free space. Radio stations
transmit radio waves using transmitters, which are received by the receiver installed in our devices. Both
transmitters and receivers use antennas to radiate or capture radio signals. These radio frequencies can also
be used for direct voice communication within the allocated range.
Microwave
is a line-of-sight wireless communication technology that uses high frequency beams of radio waves to
provide high speed wireless connections that can send and receive voice, video, and data information.
Microwave
Bluetooth
is a short-range wireless communications technology to replace the cables connecting electronic devices,
allowing a person to have a phone conversation via a headset, use a wireless mouse and synchronize
information from a mobile phone to a PC, all using the same core system.
Network Topologies
Diether Andre A. Vertudazo
What is Network
Topology?
Network topology refers to the manner in which the links and nodes of
a network are arranged to relate to each other. Topologies are
categorized as either physical network topology, which is the physical
signal transmission medium, or logical network topology, which refers
to the manner in which data travels through the network between
devices, independent of physical connection of the devices.
Types of Network
Topologies
• Physical Topology
Describes the way nodes or network devices connect with the
help of cables in the actual or literal physical way.

• Logical Topology
Describes the way data flows from one nodes to another within a
network.
Physical Topologies
• Bus Topology
• Star Topology
• Ring Topology
• Mesh Topology
• Hybrid Topology

Logical Topologies
• Bus Topology
• Ring Topology
Bus Topology
A bus topology is consists of a single main cable
running from one end of the network to the other.
A B In this network arrangement, each node is
connected to the central cable or bus by drop
cables. A signal, containing the address and data,
transmitted from the source node travels in both
directions to all nodes until it reaches the
destination node, which accepts the data.

A signal, containing the address and data,

transmitted from the source node travels in both
directions to all nodes until it reaches the
destination node, which accepts the data.
C D E
 Parts of the Bus Topology
Backbone or Bus
Multiple segments of thick coaxial cables are joined serially together
through connectors to form a linear bus cable.

Coaxial Cable
 Parts of the Bus Topology
BNC/T Connector
Connects the network devices cables to the main cable.
 Parts of the Bus Topology
Drop line/cable
Connects the network devices cables to the main cable.
 Parts of the Bus Topology
Nodes or Network Devices
Nodes have either a programmed or engineered capability to
recognize, process and forward transmissions to other network
nodes.
 Parts of the Bus Topology
Terminating Resistor/Terminator
The terminators absorb the electrical energy of the
signal or current as it reaches the end of the cable
thus avoiding reflection of the signal and hence
prevents noise. This ensures smooth flow of current
from one device to another.
 Bus topology
Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
• It works very well when you have a • Terminators are required for both ends
small network. of the main cable.
• No central device is/are required • Additional devices slow the network
• Failure of one network device down.
doesn’t affect the whole network. • It has a bad fault tolerance Requires time
coordination because multiple
transmissions that occur simultaneously
creates heavy network traffic with a high
potential of collision which may result in
data loss or corrupted data.
• Failure of the main cable is failure of the
whole network,
Star Topology
Star topology is a network topology in which each
network devices or component is physically
connected to a central node. In a star topology, the
central acts like a server and the connecting nodes
act like clients.

When the central node receives a packet containing

data from a connecting node, it can pass the packet
on to other nodes in the network.

The logical topology can be either bus or ring logical

topology which depends on what central node is
being used.
 Star Topology
Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantage Disadvantage
• Easy to install • Star topology networks are usually kept
• Failure of one network device small because network performance can
doesn’t affect the whole network. suffer when too many devices compete
• Collision that can result to data loss for access to the central node.
or corruption is less or none at all. • If the central hub goes down everything
goes down, none of the devices can work
without hub.
• The addition of a central increases it
cost.
Ring Topology

In Ring Topology, all the nodes are connected

to each-other in such a way that they make a
closed loop. Each workstation is connected to
two other components on either side, and it
communicates with these two adjacent
neighbors. Data travels around the network, in
one direction. Sending and receiving of data
takes place by the help of TOKEN.
 Token Ring
Token contains a piece of information which along
with data is sent by the source computer. This token
A
then passes to next node, which checks if the signal
is intended to it. If yes, it receives it, otherwise it
F B passes token along with the data to the next node.
This process continues until the signal reaches its
intended destination.

E C The nodes with token are the ones only allowed to

send data. Other nodes have to wait for an empty
token to reach them.
along with data is sent by the source computer.
D
 Ring Topology
Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantage Disadvantage
• Since only one node can transmit • If one workstation or network device
data at a time, which reduces packet goes down, the entire network gets
collisions, ring topologies are affected.
efficient at data transmission. • Addition MAU’s and Switch or other
• Identifying and troubleshooting are similar devices increases the cost.
easier due to the intricate node-to-
node connectivity.
Mesh Topology

A mesh topology is one in which the nodes

connect directly and dynamically to many other
nodes. It consists of an elaborate structure of
point-to-point interconnections among the nodes.
You can have a partial mesh topology, where some
nodes have two or more connections, or a full
mesh topology, where all nodes are fully
connected to every other nodes.

The mesh topology has a non-hierarchical

structure and the nodes cooperate in the efficient
routing of data. Because of this lack of
dependency on one single node or route, every
node can participate in the relay of information.
 Ring Topology
Advantage & Disadvantage
Advantage Disadvantage
• Mesh network is the most stable and • Mesh networks are labor-intensive as
reliable topology. they require a lot of cabling.
• There’s no single point of failure. • The cable, labor, and configuration time
Even if a node or two fails, the make it expensive.
network won’t go down.
Hybrid Topology

A hybrid topology is one in which two or more

distinct topologies are combined to build a
network in such a way that it doesn’t exhibit
any of the standard topologies.

Hybrid topologies are commonly found in

larger organizations where individual
departments can have personalized network
topologies based on their needs and network
requirements.
 Ring Topology
Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantage Disadvantage
The most notable advantage of hybrid Each standard topology that is incorporated
topology is the flexibility and degree of in a hybrid topology will bring along its
freedom it provides. With a hybrid own drawbacks so your hybrid topology
network structure, there are very few won’t be free of problems. In addition, as
limitations on how you can set up your your hybrid network grows the
network. complexities in managing the network will
also grow.
Network Architecture
Refers to the way how computers are organized in a network. It defines how the computer should
be connected to get the maximum advantages of a computer network such as better response time,
security, scalability, etc. The two most important network architecture is Peer-to-Peer Network and
Client-Server Network.

Peer to Peer
All the computers in a computer network are connected with every computer in the network. There
is no central computer that acts as the central server.

Client Server
A central device acts as a server and serves all the request from client computers. All the shared
data is stored in the server, which is shared with the client computers when a request is made by
client computers.
 Protocol
Are set of rules that help in governing the way a particular technology will function for
communication.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP)

FTP allows users to transfer files from one SMTP is designed to send and distribute
machine to another. Types of files may outgoing E-Mail.
include program files, multimedia files, text
files, and documents, etc.

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure(HTTPS)
HTTP is designed for transferring a hypertext among HTTPS is abbreviated as Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
two or more systems. HTML tags are used for Secure is a standard protocol to secure the
creating links. These links may be in any form like communication among two computers one using the
text or images. HTTP is designed on Client-server browser and other fetching data from web server. HTTP
principles which allow a client system for is the same with HTTPS except that the transferring of
establishing a connection with the server machine data is done in an encrypted format. So it can be said
for making a request. The server acknowledges the that https thwart hackers from interpretation or
request initiated by the client and responds modification of data throughout the transfer of packets.
accordingly.
 OSI Model Layer
OSI Model stands for Open System Interconnection Model. OSI Model defines and is used to
understand how data is transferred from one computer to another in a Computer Network.

Computer A Computer B
Application Layer Application Layer
Software
Presentation Layer Layers Presentation Layer
Sender Receiver
Session Layer Session Layer

Transport Layer Heart of OSI Transport Layer

Network Layer Network Layer

Data Link Layer Hardware

Data Link Layer
Layers
Physical Layer Physical Layer
 OSI Model Layer
Physical Layer Data Link Layer

• Physical layer is the first layer of OSI model. • Data link layer is the second layer of OSI model.
It provides connection between hosts on same
• In physical layer all the physical connectivity of network.
a network, such as connectivity of devices using
wires takes place. • It converts bits into frames and forward it to the
network layer. This layer is responsible for:
• It converts data into bits and forward it to a data framing, physical addressing, flow control, error
link layer. control and access control.

• Devices works under this layer are: Hub, • Devices works under this layer are: Switch and
repeaters, cables, etc. Bridge and NIC.

• Protocols used under this layer are: PPP, PPTP,

etc.
 OSI Model Layer
Network Layer Transport Layer

• Network layer is the third layer of OSI Model. It • Transport layer is the forth layer of OSI model.
provides connection between hosts on different
network. • It converts packets into segments and forward it
to the session layer.
• It converts the frames into packets and forward it
to the Transport layer. • This layer is responsible for segmentation,
connection control, flow control and error control.
• This layer is responsible for logical addressing,
routing, etc. • Protocols works under this layer are: TCP and
UDP.
• Devices works under this layer are router and
router.

• Protocols used under this layer are: IPv4, IPv6

and ICMP.
 OSI Model Layer
Session Layer Presentation Layer Application Layer

• Session layer is the fifth layer of OSI • Presentation layer is the sixth layer of • Application layer is the seventh or last
model. OSI model. layer of OSI model.

• It is responsible for dialog control and • This layer is responsible for • This is the only layer where user can
synchronization. translation, encryption and directly interact with the data.
compression.
• This layer also controls duplexing, • This layer provides user interface, and
termination and restart. • Protocol works under this layer is supports services such as mail access,
SSL. file transfer, browsing internet, remote
• Protocols works under this layer are: desktop connection, etc.
TCP and RTP.
• Protocol works under this layer are:
FTP, TELNET, DHCP, HTTP, DNS,
POP3, SMTP.
Network Devices
Leoligao, Mario Archelito C.
Network Devices
Networking devices, or network working hardware, are used for
communication between different computer network.
 • Network Interface Card and Drivers (NIC)
• Repeater
Types of •
•
Hubs
Bridge
Network •
•
Router
Modem
Devices •
•
Multiplexer
Ethernet cable
Network Interface Card and Drivers
(NIC)
Is a computer circuit board or a card that is installed in a computer that it can be connected to a
network.

Wired Wireless
Network Interface Card and Drivers
(NIC)
Is a computer circuit board or a card that is installed in a computer that it can be connected to a
network.
Repeater
Repeaters are network devices operating at physical layer of the OSI model that amplify or
regenerate an incoming signal before retransmitting it. They are incorporated in networks to
expand its coverage area.
WIFI Repeater Network or Signal Repeater
Hub
Hubs connect multiple computer networking devices together. A hub also acts as a repeater in that
it amplifies signals that deteriorate after traveling long distances over connecting cables.

A C

D
Bridge
A bridge operates at the data link layer. A bridge is a repeater, with add on the functionality of
filtering content by reading the MAC addresses of source and destination. It is also used for
interconnecting two LANs working on the same protocol. It has a single input and single output
port, thus making it a 2 port device.
• Bridge is a network device which is use to divide a Lan into
multiple segment
• Bridge works under data link layer of OSI model
• Bridge stores the mac address of PC Available in a network
• Bridge use to reduce traffic
Bridge
Router
A network router is one kind of network device in a computer network and it is used for routing
traffic from one network to another.
Modem
A modem is a network device that both modulates and demodulates analog carrier signals (called
sine waves) for encoding and decoding digital information for processing.
Multiplexer
A multiplexer (sometimes spelled multiplexor and also known as a MUX) is defined as a
combinational circuit that selects one of several data inputs and forwards it to the output. The
inputs to a multiplexer can be analog or digital. Multiplexers are also known as data selectors.
Multiplexer
A multiplexer is useful for transmitting a large amount of data over the network within a certain
amount of time and bandwidth.
Ethernet Cable
Ethernet is a way of connecting computers and other network devices in a physical space. This is
often referred to as a local area network or LAN. The idea of an Ethernet network is that computers
and other devices can share files, information and data between each other efficiently.
 Network
Troubleshooting
Gomez, Mc Kennedy
Network troubleshooting
Network troubleshooting is the systematic process of identifying, diagnosing, and resolving issues within a
computer network to restore normal network operations.

It is primarily done by network engineers or administrators to repair or optimize a network. It is generally done to
recover and establish network or Internet connections on end nodes/devices.
Network troubleshooting
Some of the processes within network troubleshooting include but are not limited to:

•Finding and resolving problems and establishing Internet/network connection of a computer/device/node

•Configuring a router, switch or any network management device

•Installing cables or Wi-Fi devices

•Updating firmware devices on router switch

•Removing viruses

•Adding, configuring and reinstalling a network printer

Network troubleshooting
Network troubleshooting can be a manual or automated task. When using automated tools, network management can
be done using network diagnostic software.
 Network
Troubleshooting
tools
Command-line prompt
Command-Line Tools
• ping — A TCP/IP utility that transmits a datagram to another host, specified in the command. If the network is
functioning properly, the receiving host returns the datagram.
• tracert/traceroute —A TCP/IP utility that determines the route data takes to get to a particular destination. This
tool can help you to determine where you are losing packets in the network, helping to identify problems.
• nslookup — A DNS utility that displays the IP address of a hostname or vice versa. This tool is useful for
identifying problems involving DNS name resolution.
• ipconfig — A Windows TCP/IP utility that verifies network settings and connections. It can tell you a host’s IP
address, subnet mask and default gateway, alongside other important network information.
• ifconfig — A Linux or UNIX TCP/IP utility that displays the current network interface configuration and enables
you to assign an IP address to a network interface. Like ipconfig on Windows, this command will tell you vital
information about the network and its status.
• iptables — A Linux firewall program that protects a network. You can use this tool if you suspect that your
firewall may be too restrictive or too lenient.
• netstat — A utility that shows the status of each active network connection. This tool is useful for finding out
what services are running on a particular system.
Command-Line Tools
• tcpdump — A utility that is used to obtain packet information from a query string sent to the network interface.
It’s available for free on Linux but can be downloaded as a command for Windows.
• pathping — A TCP/IP command that provides information about latency and packet loss on a network. It can
help you troubleshoot issues related to network packet loss.
• nmap — A utility that can scan the entire network for various ports and the services that are running on them.
You can use it to monitor remote network connections and get specific information about the network.
• route — A command that enables manual updating of the routing table. It can be used to troubleshoot static
routing problems in a network.
• arp — A utility that supports the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) service of the TCP/IP protocol suite. It lets
the network admin view the ARP cache and add or delete cache entries. It can be used to address problems having
to do with specific connections between a workstation and a host.
• dig — A Linux or UNIX command-line tool that will display name server information. It can be used to
troubleshoot problems in DNS name resolution.
Network Troubleshooting
Packet Sniffer
Applications
Port Scanner
Protocol Analyzer
Bandwidth Speed Test
WIFI Analyzer
Hardware tools
Wire / Cable Crimpers
Cable Tester
Light Meter
Spectrum Analyzer
Multimeter
Basic Network Troubleshooting
Steps
1.
2.
Identify the problem
Develop a theory
3. Test the theory
4. Plan of Action
5. Implement the solution
6. Verify system functionality
7. Document the issue
The end…