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Lesson 1

The document defines fluid machinery as machines that handle fluids. It discusses fluid mechanics, properties of fluids like density and viscosity, pressure measurements, viscosity measurements, Reynolds number, continuity equation, head of fluid, and Bernoulli's equation. It provides examples of problems involving pipes carrying fluids and calculating velocities, pressures, and power required for pumps. It classifies fluid machinery into pumps, hydraulic turbines, fans/blowers, compressors, and fluid couplings/torque converters. It also defines hydraulic machines and divides them into four categories based on their design purpose.

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85 views18 pages

Lesson 1

The document defines fluid machinery as machines that handle fluids. It discusses fluid mechanics, properties of fluids like density and viscosity, pressure measurements, viscosity measurements, Reynolds number, continuity equation, head of fluid, and Bernoulli's equation. It provides examples of problems involving pipes carrying fluids and calculating velocities, pressures, and power required for pumps. It classifies fluid machinery into pumps, hydraulic turbines, fans/blowers, compressors, and fluid couplings/torque converters. It also defines hydraulic machines and divides them into four categories based on their design purpose.

Uploaded by

charmaine fos
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FLUID MACHINERY

By:
ENGR. CHARMAINE FOS - FETALVER
DEFINITION OF TERMS AND OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION
 Fluid Machinery refers to machines that handle fluids in either liquid or gas
form
 Fluid Mechanics is the study of the behaviour of fluids whether rest or in
motion.
 Fluid Statics is the study of fluid at rest.
 Fluid Dynamics is the study of fluids in motion.
 Hydraulics is a branch of science concerned with water or other fluids in
motion.
 Fluids are substance which are capable of flowing, and have particles that
easily move and change their relative position without separation of mass.
PROPERTIES OF FLUID
 1. Specific weight
 2. Density
 3. Specific Volume
 4. Specific Gravity
 5. Temperature
 6. Pressure
 7. Surface Tension
 8. Compressibility
 9. Viscosity
 a. Gauge Pressure – the pressure of a fluid or system measured by
pressure measuring instrument like a pressure gauge or manometer.
This pressure may be higher than or lower than the atmospheric
pressure.
Gauge pressure that is lower than the atmospheric pressure is
known as vacuum pressure.
 b. Absolute Pressure – the pressure of a fluid or system with
reference to an absolute zero pressure.
 c. Fluid Pressure or Hydrostatic Pressure of Fluid
It is the force exerted by the column of fluid per unit area.
 d. Atmospheric Pressure –the force exerted by the column of
atmosphere per unit area at the surface of the earth.
Pressure-measuring Instrument
 a. Pressure Gauge
Bourdon Gauge is the device most commonly used to measure
pressure commercially.
The reference pressure in measuring the pressure of the system
is the atmospheric.

 b. Manometer – a U-tube containing a liquid of known specific


gravity, the surface of which moves proportionally to change in
pressure.
Methods of Obtaining Viscosity

 9.1 Universal Saybolt Viscosimeter (Kinematic Viscosity)


V = 0.0022 -
Where: t' = Saybolt second
V = kinematic viscosity, stokes
Saybolt Second is the time in seconds required for 60 of liquid to pass
through an opening of standard size.
 9.2 Engler Viscosimeter
V = (0.158t' - )
Where: t' = Saybolt second
V = kinematic viscosity, /s
 9.3 Redwood Viscosimeter
V = (0.280 - )
Where: t' = Saybolt second
V = kinematic viscosity, /s
 9.4 Helmholts Equation for Absolute Viscosity of Water
µ=
Where: µ = absolute Viscosity, Poise
t = Temperature of water, ˚C
 9.5 Grindley and Gibson’s Equation for Absolute Viscosity of Air
µ = 0.0001702 ( 1 + 0.00329 t + 0.000007 )
Where: µ = absolute Viscosity, Poise
t = Temperature of water, ˚C
Example:
 1. Using Helmholts equation, determine the viscosity of water in
Poise and slug/ft-sec for a temperature of 15.55˚C. If the density of
water at this temperature is 1 gm/, determine the kinematic viscosity
in both units.

 2. Using Grindley and Gibson’s equation, determine the


viscosity of air for 60˚F. Specific weight of air is 0.0765 lb/. Find
the kinematic viscosity for both units.
Definition of Terms
 1. Viscometer or viscosimeter is a device used to measure the
viscosity of a fluid.
 2. Hydrometer is a device used to measure the specific
 Gravity of a fluid.
 3. Saybolt Viscometer is the most commonly used device for
determining the absolute viscosity of liquids.
 4. Saybolt Seconds Universal (SSU) is the Saybolt time used to
measure the viscosity of fluid.
Reynolds Number – is a dimensionless parameter used to determine the type
of flow of fluid.
Re = =
TYPE OF FLUID FLOW
 1. Laminar Flow – type of flow of fluid in which the fluid particles move
along straight, parallel paths in layers or laminae, in which Re < 2000 (low
velocity).
 2. Turbulent Flow – type of flow of fluid in which the fluid particles
move in a haphazard fashion in all directions. It is impossible to trace the
motion of an individual particle because of its high velocity and variable
direction.
Re > 4000 (High Velocity)
 3. Critical Flow (Transitional Flow) – is the combination of laminar flow
and turbulent flow. Re = 2000 to 4000
 Continuity Equation – is an equation derived from the first law of
thermodynamics for a steady - flow, open system. It is used to
determine the mass flow rate and volume flow rate of fluid.

1. Mass flow rate, m = AV = Q


2. Volume flow rate, Q = AV
HEAD OF FLUID
Head of Fluid – is the height to which a column of fluid must rise to certain the
same amount of energy as contained in one unit weight or mass of fluid under the
conditions being considered.

Forms of Head
 1. Potential or Actual Head – based on the elevation of the fluid above some
arbitrary chosen datum plane.
 2. kinetic or Velocity Head – is a measure of the kinetic energy contained in a
unit mass of the fluid due to its velocity and is given by the familiar expression
for kinetic energy.
 3. Pressure Head – it is the energy contained in the fluid as a result of its
pressure.
Bernoulli’s Equation – is an equation used to determine the head of
fluid.

It states that “Neglecting Friction, the total head, or the total amount of
energy per unit weight or mass, is the same at every point in the path of flow”.
(for Ideal System)

“In an actual flow system, energy losses are considered, and the first law of
thermodynamics for steady flow, open system is applied”.
Ein = Eout + Eloss
Total Dynamic Head of a Steady Flow, Open Machine
using Bernoulli’s Equation

Whenever problems involving fluids (liquid, vapour and gas) are


encountered, always remember the first law of thermodynamics defined by
the general energy equation. This general energy equation is the most
important equation in thermodynamics.
TDH = + + +

Total Dynamic Head (TDH) is head corresponding to the energy input to


the system.
External Head Required For Pump (or Blower)
 Sample Problems:
1. A pipe 200 m long slopes down, 1 and 100, tapers from 0.80-m diameter at the
higher end to 0.40m-diameter at the lower end, and carries 100 lps of oil (SG = 0.85).
If the pressure gauge at the lower end reads 50 Kpa, determine the velocities at the two
ends and the pressure at the higher end. Neglect losses.
 
2. At a point in a horizontal pipeline, the pressure of water flowing at a velocity of 4.6
m/s is 117.3 Kpa; at another point close by, where the pipe has a smaller section, the
pressure is 110.4 Kpa.
a. Neglecting losses, find the velocity of flow at the second point.
b. If the head loss is 0.20 m, find the velocity at the second point.
 
3. What power is required to pump 40 lps of water through a 100 mm pipe from a
pump to a point 10 m above. The figure is shown below. Assume an overall efficiency
of 65%. Determine the pressure intensities at point P1 and P2. Neglect losses.
 Fluid Machinery is an equipment capable of handling fluid, either
moving the fluid or moved by the fluid.

 CLASSIFICATIONS OF FLUID MACHINERY


1. PUMPS
2. HYDRAULIC TURBINE
3. FANS AND BLOWERS
4. COMPRESSORS
5. FLUID COUPLING AND TORQUE CONVERTER
 HYDRAULIC MACHINE
Hydraulic Machine is a machine powered by a motor activated by the
confined flow of a stream of liquid, such as oil or water under pressure.
 
 DIVISION OF HYDRAULIC MACHINE
1. A machine designed to utilize energy for the purpose of moving fluids
(PUMPS)
2. A machine designed to develop power from hydraulic machine
(HYDRAULIC POWER)
3. A machine designed to control power and transmit energy by hydraulic
means (HYDRAULIC CONTROLS, HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS)
4. A machine designed to use power for various purposes (HYDRAULIC
JACK, HYDRAULIC MOTORS)

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