Basic grammar
BY
NUR KHALID
Part of speech
All English words fall into eight groups, called part of
speech: Noun, Pronouns, Verb, Adverbs,
Adjective Preposition, Conjunctions, and
Interjections.
Part of speech What it does example
Noun Names persons, places, Roosevelt, girl, river, Koran,
things, ideas, or qualities happiness, love
Pronouns Substitutes for a noun I, you, he, she, it, we, they,
my self, who, which,
everyone.
verb, Expresses actions, Run, entertain, stop,
occurrences, or stases of become, be.
being
Adjective Describe or modifies nouns Gentle, small, helpful
or pronouns
Adverb Describe or modifies verbs, Daily, rather, helpfully,
adjectives, other adverbs, or almost, really, someday.
whole groups of words
preposition Relates noun or pronouns to About, at down, for, of with
other words in a sentence
In different sentences a word may serve as different
part of speech.
For example: the government send aid to the city.
( aid is a noun)
Governments aid citizens. (aid is a verb)
NOUN (kata benda)
Nouns are
divided into
common nouns
and proper
nouns.
Common
noun
NOUN
Proper
noun
Common nouns
Common nouns are words for people, animals,
places, or things.
These are words for people. They are common nouns.
1. Contoh Kata Untuk PEOPLE
Here are more words for people:
actor lawyer
Aunt judge
baby man
baker Nurse
cook Police officer
dentist singer
doctor soldier Another word for
giant teacher astronaut is
acrobat clown spaceman or
spacewoman.
Dan lain-lain
2. Contoh kata untuk , ANIMALS,
Here are more words for animals:
cat goose
cow hen
dog horse
dolphin mouse
duck
fish shark
goat whale
Dan lain-lain
3. Contoh kata untuk places
Here are more words for places:
Airport Market
Cave Mountain
Church Playground
Farm Restaurant
Hill School
Hospital Hotel
Stadium
House Supermarket
Island Temple
Mall Zoo
Dan lain-lain
4. Contoh kata untuk THINGS
Here are more words for things:
bag box
ladder
bread lamp
can picture
chair radio
television
cup train
desk truck
door watch
egg window
Exercise 1
Underline the common nouns in these sentences.
1. There’s a little bird in the garden.
2. Who is your teacher?
3. Don’t eat that rotten apple.
4. Kate has a lovely doll.
5. I like reading stories.
6. My father is a doctor.
7. Every child has a dictionary.
8. Rudy hates bananas.
9. The phone is ringing.
10. Here’s a book for you.
Exercise 2
Here’s a mixed bag of words. Put each word under its
correct heading.
Swimmer snail fire engine clown
letters flag river barber
mountain fox hotel parrot
granny taxi gardener camel
People Animals Places Things
PROPER NOUNS
Proper nouns are names for particular people,
places or things. They always begin with a capital
letter
Contoh kata PROPER NOUN
Here are some more names of people:
Ali Baba
Florence Nightingale
Derek Jeter
Pauline
Johnny Depp
Patrick
Harry Potter
Pinocchio
Your own name and the names of your
Robin Hood friends are proper nouns too.
The names of countries and
their people are also
proper nouns.
Contoh kata
Country People Country People
America Americans Korea Koreans
Egypt Egyptians Malaysia Malaysians
India Indians Pakistan Pakistanis
Italy Italians France the French
Japan the Japanese Thailand Thais
The names of towns, cities, buildings
and landmarks are proper nouns.
Makassar Jakarta
Bangkok New Delhi London
Malaysia
the Grand Canyon
New York Central Park
the Leaning Tower of Pisa
Paris the Eiffel Tower
Brooklyn Bridge
Beijing
Big Ben
Singapure
The days of the week and months of the year are proper
nouns.
Months
Days
January
February
Sunday March
Monday April
Tuesday May
June
Wednesday July
Thursday August January is the first
Friday September month of the year.
October
Saturday November
Sunday is the first
day of the week.
December A table that shows the
months, weeks and
days
The names of mountains, seas, rivers and lakes are
proper nouns.
the Alps the Himalayas
the Dead Sea the Pacific Ocean
Mount Fuji the Yellow River
Mount Everest
You often use the before names of oceans,
rivers, seas and ranges of mountains.
Mount means mountain.
It is often used in the names of mountains.
For example: Mount Everest
Mount St. Helens
The written short form for Mount is Mt.
For example: Mt. Everest, Mt. Fuji
The names of festivals, some special events and
holidays are proper nouns, too.
Here are more names of festivals and holidays:
Proklamasi Day Pancasila’s Day
Christmas Mother’s Day
Memorial Day April Fool’s Day
Labor Day Thanksgiving Day
Independence Day St. Patrick’s Day
Exercise 1
Underline the proper nouns in the following sentences.
1. July is often the hottest month in summer.
2. One day Ali Baba saw the forty thieves hiding in a cave.
3. Shawn and Ashley are going to the beach for a swim.
4. Mr. Lee is reading a book.
5. “I am your fairy godmother,” said the old woman to
Cinderella.
6. Uncle Mike is a lawyer.
7. Next Tuesday is a public holiday.
8. Many children enjoyed the movie Lion King.
Exercise 2
Look at the words in the box. Which ones are
common nouns and which ones are proper
nouns? Put each word under its correct heading.
Lisa bank President Hotel United Bank January
beach White Sand Beach
Hotel doctor month Dr. Wang girl
Common Nouns Proper Nouns
Recognize noun
noun name. they may name a person (Angelina Jolie,
astronaut), a thing (chair, book, Mt. rainier), a quality (pain,
mystery, simplicity), a place (city, Washington, ocean, red sea),
or an idea ( reality, peace, success).
Noun can be sorted into two groups, the same noun may appear
in more than one group.
1. A common nouns names a general things and does not
being with a capital letter: earthquake, citizen, earth,
fortitude, army.
2. A proper nouns names a specific person, place, or thing
and begins with a capital letter: Oprah Winfery,
Washington Monument, El Paso, US Congress
Recognize pronouns
Most pronouns substitute for nouns and function in sentences as
noun do: Susanne ling English in the air force when she graduated.
Below are there types of pronouns:
1. A personal pronouns refers to one or more specific individuals
or things: I, you, she, he, it and they.
2. And identify pronoun does not refer to a specific noun: anyone,
everything, no one, somebody, and so on. No one come. Nothing
moves. Everybody speaks.
3. A relative pronoun relates a group of words to a noun or another
pronoun: who, whoever, which, that. Everyone who attended received
a prize. The book that won is a novel
The personal pronouns. I, he, she, we, they and the relative pronouns who
and whoever change from depending on their function in the sentence
Recognize verbs
Most verbs can be recognize by two changes in form:
1. Most verbs add –d or –ed to indicate a difference
between present and past time: they play today.
They played yesterday. Some verbs indicate past time
irregularly: eat, ate; begin, began
2. Most present-time add –s or -es with subjects
that are singular nouns or the pronouns he, she,
it: the bear escapes, it runs. The woman begins. She
sings. Be and have change to is and has.
Helping verbs
Some verbs combine with helping verbs to indicate
time, possibility, obligation, necessity, and other kind
of mining; can ran, was sleeping, had been working. In
these verb phrases, run, sleeping, and working are
main verbs-they carry the principal meaning.
Verb phrase
Artists can train others to draw
The techniques have changed little.
Lanjut Those are most common helping verbs:
Be able to had better most used to
Be supported to have to ought to will
Can may shall would
Could might should
Forms of be : be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being
Forms of have: have, has, had, having
Forms of do : do, does, did
example
P V N N
We took the tour through the museum
1. The was bore, and I slept through the last half.
2. Guests must register at the front desk; otherwise,
they cannot obtain a key card.
3. The trees they planted are dying of disease.
4. The new speed limit has prevented many accidents
5. Although I was absent for a month, I finished the
semester with good.
Recognizing adjectives and adverbs
Adjectives describe or m0dify nouns and pronouns.
They specify which one, what quality, or how many.
Old city. generous one. two pears.
Adj N Adj PN Adj N
Ket :(PN : pronoun)
Adverbs describe or modify verbs, adjectives, other
adverbs, and whole groups of words. They specify
when, where, how, and to what extent.
Lanjut..
Nearly destroyed too quickly
Adv v adv adv
Very generous unfortunately, taxes will rise
Adv adj adv word group
An –ly ending often signals an adverb, but not always:
friendly is an adjective; never and not are adverbs.\
The only way to tell whether a word is an adjective or an
adverb is to determine what is modifies.
Recognizing prepositions
Prepositions are connecting words that link a noun or
pronoun to the rest of the sentence. Prepositions show
relationships of place, directions, time, or manner: in
the room, down the stairs
A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and
includes its objects and modifiers. The plans trailed
down the stairs.
Common prepositions
About Before Except for Of Throughout
Above Behind Excepting Off Till
According to Below For On To
Across Beneath From Onto Toward
After Beside In On top of Under
Against Between In addition to Out Underneath
Along Beyond Inside Out of Unlike
Along with by Inside of Outside Until
Among Concerning In spite of Over Up
Around Despite Instead of Past Upon
As Down Into Regarding Up to
Aside from Due to Like Round with
At During Near Since Within
Recognizing conjunctions
Conjunctions are words that connect word groups or single
words: the audiences grew when the actor appeared and
spoke. The two types of conjunctions are subordinating
and coordinating/correlative.
1. subordinating conjunctions
subordinating conjunctions from sentences into word
groups called dependents clauses, such as when the
meeting ended or that she knew.
These clauses serve a modifiers or nouns in sentences: every
one was relived when the meeting ended. She said that she
knew the reason for the successful result.
Common subordinating conjunctions
After Even if Rather than Until
Although Event though Since When
As If So that Whenever
As if If only Than Where
As long as In order that That Whereas
As through Now that Though Wherever
Because Once Till Whether
before provided Unless while
Catatan: subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions convey meaning without
help form other function words such as the
coordinating conjunctions and, but, for, and so:
Faulty: even though the presents are illiterate, but
their children may read well. (even though and but
have the same meaning, so both are not needed)
revised: even though the parents are illiterate, they
children may read well.
Lanjut..
2. Coordinating and correlative conjunctions
Coordinating and correlative conjunctions connect
words or word group of the same kind, such as nouns
or whole sentences.
Key term
Modifier a word that describes, limits, or qualifiers the meaning of
the other word or word group: happy man, well done
Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions consist of a single word
And nor For yet
but Or so
Ex:
Biofeedback or simple relaxation can relive headaches.
Relaxation works well, and it is inexpensive
Common Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative Conjunctions are combinations of
coordinating conjunctions and other words:
Both….. And Neither………nor
Not only…..but also Whether……or
Not………….but As…….as
Either………or
Ex:
Both biofeedback and relaxation can relive headaches
The headache sufferer learns not only to recognize the
cause of headaches but also to control those causes.
Recognizing interjections
Interjections express feeling or command attention.
They are rarely used in academic or business writing.
Oh, the meeting went fine.
They won seven thousand dollars! Wow
