HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT

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TABLE OF CONTENT 1 HSE & Work safety induction 2 Introduction to general HSE 3 Accident 4 Hazard and Hazard identification 5 Fire safety 6 Gen precaution on work activity (welding & cutting operation) 7 First aid & Cardio-Pulmunary Resuscitation (CPR) 8 Waste management 9 Contingency management

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1. HEALTH, SAFETY, AND ENVIRONMENT

Welding

and Cutting are hazardous activities that pose a unique combination of both safety and health risks to more than 500,000 workers in a wide variety of industries. The risk from fatal injuries alone is more than four deaths per thousand workers over a working lifetime. Welding and Cutting is addressed in specific standards for the general Industry. Welding is a safe occupation, when sufficient measures are taken to protect the welder from potential hazards. When these measures are overlooked, welders can encounter such dangers as Electric shock, Overexposure to fumes and gases, Arc radiation, 4/13/2012

Relevance of Health, Safety, and Environment

Health: Physical condition. 1. Every individual wants to be fit and healthy to enable him work to earn a living. 2. The employer needs his employee to be of good health to be able to perform to standard required for the achievement of set goals. 3. The community needs health members who will contribute physically and mentally. 4. The nation needs citizens who would pay taxes, as well as contribute physically and mentally. 5. Families need their breadwinner and companion
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Relevance of Health, Safety, and Environment

Safety: A state of being free from danger or harm (injury or damage) 1. Every individual wants to be safe for a worthy life. 2. A business organization needs its employees to be safe for continuous operation to meet targets and objectives; as well as to conserve its vital resources. 3. Families, communities and the nation all need their kins- folk to be safe to continue to provide needs service, and contributions- physical, mental and financial. 4/13/2012

Environment: The air, water, and land in which people, animals, and plant live sustain the quality of life of the people and activities located within its confines.
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HEALTH RISK MANAGEMENT AT WORK

Health is defined as the state of complete well being of a person. It does not only mean the absence of diseases or illness but also a clear state of optimum physical and mental well being. Occupational health which is a branch of Human Medicine that deals with protection and promotion of the health of all persons at work including employees and employers.

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Occupational health aims at: Promoting and maintaining the well being of the workers and employers. Preventing occupational (work-related) diseases and injuries at the work place. Protecting every individual at the work place against hazards. Planning and maintaining the work place Adapting the work to man and man to work.

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH AND WORK

From our definition of occupational health it becomes obvious that its major roles are basically two:

HEALTH PROTECTION This deals with: Health risk management at work Information, instruction and training of workers First aid and medical treatment Sickness absenteeism monitoring and Record keeping

HEALTH PROMOTION This aspect deals with: Assessment of health risks associated with the living environment and lifestyle Employee information and assistance programmes and Record keeping.

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WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT?
Is a mans immediate surrounding which he manipulates for his existence. These include air, land, water, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interrelation. Wrongful manipulations introduce hazards, which makes the environment unsafe. Interface in the pure components of the environment alters the ecology and imbalance is created in the ecosystem.

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT This is the act of giving direction and control to the use of the environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION It is the protection and conservation of existing resources.

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ENVIRONMENTAL 10 COMMANDMENTS
Tell the truth Be factual Visible action. Do it Flares out as soon as possible Reported spills carry no blame No spills/ leaks Keep the place clean and tidy Minimize land use Cherish the natural environment 10. Treat each community as you would your own.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
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MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND CONCERN

Desertification Solid waste Industrial pollution Gaseous emission Flooding Erosion Habitat destruction.

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SOME E & P ACTIVITIES THAT INTERFACE WITH ENVIRONMENT

Dredging Site clearance Excavation Pipe laying Pigging operation Flow station operation Gas flaring Drilling operation Procurement/Logisti cs

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HARMFUL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND EXPOSURES

Noise High temperature Cold temperature Excessive vibration and shock (Jack Hammer Drill) Radiation (e.g. x-ray welders, nuclear reactors) Gases, fumes and dust Liquids e.g. sewage, acids, poisons
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CONSEQUENCES OF ENIRONMENTAL ABUSE 1. Air Pollution Health problems Ozone Layer Depletion Green House Effect 2. Water Pollution Contamination of surface/undergroun d water Flooding and Erosion Destruction of aquatic life Silting of water bodies
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CONSEQUENCES OF ENIRONMENTAL ABUSE

Soil Pollution. Deforestation. Biodiversity depletion. Relocation/Reduction/Extinction of first animals. Reduced crop yield (resulting in low income).

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OZONE LAYER:A layer of upper atmosphere where ozone (O3) is formed in quantity protecting earth from the suns ultraviolet rays GREEN HOUSE EFFECT:The progressive warming-up of the earths surface due to the blanketing effect of manmade carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT It is the application of technology in such a way that it fosters human well-being without degenerating or exhausting environmental resources (damaging the earth we live on).

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PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Due care Due diligence Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Integrating EMP into project life cycle Housekeeping (Good housekeeping

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2.

ACCIDENT

ACCIDENT CAUSES Research has established that accidents are caused by unsafe acts and unsafe conditions.
Unsafe

acts are defined as actions taken or performed by someone without due regard for personal safety, that of colleagues or other persons in the vicinity. These are acts usually contrary to rules and regulations, or accepted standard practices and procedures; they are illegal acts.
Unsafe

conditions are such work place conditions or equipment and materials 4/13/2012 conditions that can cause

CONSEQUENCE OF ACCIDENTS

Accidents impact adversely on the industry, its people, plant, machinery, equipment and materials, and the environment within which the industry is located. When an accident occurs in an industry, directly affected are usually:The injured employee: physical pain, mental agony, disability (temporary or permanent), and loss of leisure, earning, and life. The Company: economic loss, production loss, time, reputation,
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Usually affected indirectly are:Family of injured employee: loss of breadwinner Community: contributionsfinancial, mental, physical The Nation: taxes paid by the company and the employee

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The reasons for which accidents are considered undesirable are usually summarized as: Humanitarian

Economic Legal Morale Reputation Since these consequences are undesirable it is imperative that effort should be directed at preventing accidents. This can be achieved through an understanding of the factors responsible for the occurrence of accidents and eliminating them or making provisions for effectively controlling them or mitigating the effect of the occurrence
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ACCIDENT PREVENTION MEASURES

With the acceptance of the assertion that accidents are caused, it is also accepted that identifying the causes and eliminating them or controlling them can prevent the occurrence of accidents. People, - workers, supervisors, management, manufacturers, installers, Purchasers- have been identified as being responsible for unsafe acts Does not know: ignorance, not trained, not instructed, not informed Cannot: physically or mentally unable Does not want to: wrong attitude
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Measures to prevent accidents would therefore seek to identify and correct the unsafe of people and the unsafe condition in the work environment, as well as identify and correct the defects in the people, for a permanent solution to the accident problem. Measures adopted are:Engineering Education Enforcement Encouragement
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Engineering takes the unsafe conditions out of the work environment;

Education takes the defects out of the people through training, induction, instruction, rules, policies, procedures, seminars, legislation,
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Enforcement ensures that people comply with and apply all that have been taught and instructed to do through effective supervision, inspections, audits, and reports;

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Encouragement by recognition, incentives, awards, and promotion, boosts the morale of employees and makes them react more positively to the requirements of the employment, which has a salutary effect on production.
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BENEFITS DERIVABLE FROM SAFE OPERATIONS Safety pays great dividends to all stakeholders: The company has the continued service of a healthy, competent and efficient workforce, which ensures achievement of targeted quality and quantity of production, conservation of funds that would otherwise have been spent on medical, compensation, and lost time bills, and greater profits.
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The employee remains healthy and fit, and is in a position to achieve his life ambition. He is able to fully enjoy the company of his family and associates, his leisure and hobbies. He remains in employment and is employable in an appropriate job, with full earning capability. He has full hope of improved conditions and elevation if he continues to give good service unhindered by injury or ill health.
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WHY CONCERN FOR ACCIDENTS

Due to low morale of the employees. Damage of reputation of the company. Effect/impact to the economy.

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3.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Personal protective equipment does not prevent the accident or remove the hazard. It only serves to prevent contact with hazard, minimize the effect of the hazard on the worker, or reduce the severity of the injury from the accident. It would be wrong for a worker to deliberately expose himself to a hazard because he is wearing some form of protective equipment.

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TYPES/KINDS OF PPE
A.

HEAD PROTECTION

SAFETY HATS:

Protects the head against falling or flying objects, menace by bumps, liquids leaking from facilities. They are made of metal, plastic, glass fiber impregnated with resin, and some non-metallic materials.
There are different types, shapes styles and shapes for different work situations. 4/13/2012

EYE PROTECTION

There are different types and styles of eye protection equipment, mainly for the protection of the eyes against flying objects and particles, splashes of corrosive liquids or molten metals, dusts, and harmful radiation. They include: Cup goggles Melters goggles Cover goggles Welders goggles Splash-resistant Protective spectacles goggles Spectacles with side shield Miners goggles

c. FOOTPROTECTION:
Consists of safety shoes/boots, job master and swamp shoes.

d. FACE SHIELD:
They are used for the protection of face and neck against light impact, flying particles, hazardous chemicals, heat and radiation
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e. HAND GLOVES: They are used for the protection of fingers, palms, and hands from burns, cuts, and bruises, scratched. f. EAR PROTECTION: Assorted types and styles, designed for the protection of ear from high damaging sound. They are earmuffs and earplugs.
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RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT: For the protection against inhalation of dangerous substances, e.g. dusts, fumes and tiny air particles. Air Supplying Respirator: e.g. Selfcontained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA). AIR Purifying Respirator e.g. Gas Masks. h. OVERALLS/APRONS: Protect the body from contact with heat, corrosive and/or toxic substances.
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i. BELTS/HARNESSES: Are used when working at an elevated place. For securing, suspending, retrieving a worker.
j. FIRE SUIT: For fire fighting. k. SHIN GUARD: To protect cuts on the legs etc.
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4.

HAZARD

Hazard is defined as any condition that has the potential to cause harm, ill health or injury, damage to property, plant, products or the environment, production losses or increased liabilities. Hazard should not be confused with hazardous activities (e.g. Drilling).
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Examples of hazards:
Hydrocarbon sunder pressure Objects at height Electricity Toxic substances Noise Radiation Working at heights Flying particles

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Effect:

is

defined as either the consequence of not managing a hazard, e.g. loss of control, or the consequence of an unintended release. An effect is usually an adverse effect either on the health or safety or employees or the public
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HEMP
Is defined as a process for identifying the hazards in an HSE critical activity and the effect, with a view to eliminating them or controlling them to reduce the effect to as low as reasonably practicable. It is central to the effective implementation of the HSE-MS, and is therefore referred to as the heart of an HSE-MS.
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STEPS IN THE HEMP PROCESS

The

principles of identify. Assess. Control. Recover. are the basis of HEMP

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The principles are applied in the following steps:

Identify hazards and potential effects: Systematically identify the hazards, the threats and potential hazardous events and effects which may affect, or arise from, a companys operation throughout the total life cycle of the operation. 2. Evaluate (Assess) Risks: 3. Record hazards and effects 4. Compare with Objectives and Performance Criteria: 5. Establish risk reduction measures
1.
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The process of identifying hazards and effects and determining the level of risks and controls are enabled by:
Experience/ Judgment. Checklists.. Codes and Standards. Structured Review Techniques.
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APPLICATION OF APPROACHES:

For low risks, the approach is judgment and experience, and the controls are generic procedures/competence and supervision. For medium risks, the approach is judgment and experience or hazard analysis as appropriate. The control is to define for each hazard procedure, responsibilities, performance, and competence; i.e. link hazard to activity, e.g. in hazard control sheet. For high risks, the approach is hazard analysis, e.g. bow tie, or other structured review techniques. Control involves defining for each hazard as for medium risk, as well as providing controls for each threat, consequence and escalation factor.
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Health Hazard:Is therefore a hazard that can cause harm to health.

Types of Occupational Hazards: Physical Hazards: e.g. noise, vibration, heat, cold, light radiation etc. Chemical Hazards: e.g. dust, vapor, gases (3 main routes of entry into the body- inhalation, ingestion, absorption). Biological Hazards: e.g. bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi etc. Ergonomical Hazards: e.g. poor equipment design, discomfort while using equipment that can lead to musculoskeletal problems. Psychosocial Hazards: e.g. work overload, job insecurity, stress, inferiority complex etc.
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Hierarchy of Control of Hazards Elimination: i.e. removal of the hazard Substitution: i.e. change if hazardous e.g. if method A is hazardous, change method B (or equipment B). Engineering: i.e. remedy e.g. if an office is hot, cool it with an air conditioner or fan. Procedural: i.e. provision of information through training, workshop, and seminar to improve or change method operation. P.P.E,: i.e. the use of Personal Protective Equipment.

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5.
1.

FIRE SAFETY

OBJECTIVES

The objective of basic fire fighting training is to teach the fundamentals of fire fighting, using the various firefighting equipment found in our work environment, so that personnel on the spot can effectively deal with an outbreak.

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OBJECTIVES
2. Time is our important factor in fire fighting and the man on the spot with some training is more valuable for firefighting than the full time fire brigade at as distance. This is more so because a prompt action may extinguish a fire before it develops into an inferno.

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OBJECTIVES
3. Despite

the best efforts of preventing fire, fires do occur from time to time. Application of preventive/protective measures to control fire damage is therefore part of or daily operational routine. This is the reason why personnel are trained on how to fight fire at the initial stage to control the spread and possibly extinguish the fire.

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DEFINITION OF FIRE
We will be examining some definitions here so as to understand fire behavior and to know the physics and chemistry of fire. 1. Fire is a rapid combination of two or more substances with oxygen (02) resulting in the production of heat and light. 2. Fire is a chemical reaction between combustible materials and oxygen in which energy is evolved in the form of heat and light. 3. Fire is a chemical reaction known as combustion. It is the rapid oxidation of combustion materials accompanied by a release of energy in the form of heat and light.
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COMBUSTION

Combustion is burning process.

It is a rapid chemical reaction or series of reactions in which heat is emitted as well as light.

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PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF FIRE

From the above definitions, it is very clear that the production of heat and light constitute what is known as physics of fire or combustion while the rapid combustion of combustible materials with oxygen is known as the chemistry of fire. No wonder it is a popular saying in fire service units that there are No two fires that are same because each fires characteristics and methods of extinction depends largely on the chemistry of such fire. 1. The materials that are burning 2. The behavior of such materials and reactions. 3. Hazards involved in fighting such fire 4. And how such fire should be extinguished, with the appropriate extinguishing agent.

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BASIC ELEMENTS FOR A FIRE TO TAKE PLACE

For

many years, the three-sided figure of the fire triangle has been used to explain or describe the combustion and extinguishing theory as shown below in fig. 01.

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From the diagram shown, fuel, oxygen and heat in their proper proportions will create a fire but if any of these elements is removed, fire cannot exist. This means a union of these will create a fire but if separated, there will be no fire.
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FUEL
The

fuel segment of both fire triangle and fire tetrahedron is defined as any material that can burn. Fuel is classified into three categories:(1) Organic Solids (2) Liquids and (3) Gases.
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FUEL
1 2 SOLIDS LIQUIDS Wood Petrol Cloths Diesel Plastics Oil Leather Paint Saw dust Alcohol Etc Etc 3 GASES
Natural Gas

Propane Butane Hydrogen

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OXYGEN

Oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere. While Nitrogen forms 78% and other gases 1%. Oxygen is supporter of life and combustion. Though some materials like sodium nitrate and potassium chlorate, can burn in an oxygen free atmosphere because they release their own oxygen during combustion. This is why oxygen is called Oxidizing Agent. Approximately 16% of oxygen is needed to support combustion.

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HEAT
Heat and temperature are closely related and in some cases they are inseparable. Heat is defined as energy in disorder, which moves from high temperature area to low temperature area. Temperature is the measurement of its degree and intensity. Heat sources are the cause of fire outbreaks such as Electricity, Welding and Cutting, friction, Smoking, Misuse of matches, Open flame, Hot surface, Static electricity, Spontaneous ignition and lightening.

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HEAT TRANSFER OR WAYS FIRE SPREAD

Heat can travel through a burning building by one or more of the four methods below:

CONDUCTIONS 2. RADIATION 3. CONVENTION 4. DIRECT FLAME CONTACT

1.

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CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
Fires are generally classified in accordance with the British Standard of NFPA of U.S.As standard. There are four main classes of fire, which are alphabetically coded. Classes A, B, C, and D. The nature of materials involved in the burning was also taken into consideration.

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CLASS A FIRES
There

are fires involving solid materials normally of organic nature (compound of carbon), in which combustion occurs with the formation of glowing members. This class of fire is the most common. It involves materials like wood, cloths, papers, plastics, leather, and sawdust, etc.
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CLASS B FIRE
These

are fires, involving liquids or liquefiable solids.

have those that are soluble or insoluble in water e.g. petrol, diesel, kerosene, oil paint, alcohol, candle or wax.
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We

CLASS C FIRE

These are fires involving gases, as natural gas, propane, butane, acetylene and hydrogen etc. Co2 & form

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i. CLASS D FIRES: These are fires involving metals, such as zinc, magnesium, copper, aluminum, sodium and uranium. These metals react explosively when water is applied on them.
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ELECTRICAL FIRES Electrical fires do not constitute a class because it is a source of heat. According to the present day ideas, class A, B and C can be started by electricity or can involve in a live electrical installations and equipment. The normal technique is to cut off electricity and use the appropriate extinguisher. But if the source of electricity cannot be isolated, then extinguishing agents that do not conduct electricity should be used. E.g. Vaporizing liquids, Dry Chemical Powder (DCP) or Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
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CAUSEES OF FIRE
MAJOR CAUSES The major causes of fire are men, women and children and this is due to:

Ignorance Carelessness

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COMMON CAUSES
Fires are commonly caused in the following ways:

Smoking in prohibited areas Flammable liquids Defective electrical equipment Spontaneous ignition Arson.
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NATURAL CAUSES
Works of nature has caused major disasters claiming a whole city e.g. Japan. Such works of nature causes of fire are:

Thunder and lightening Earthquake

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PREVENTIVE MEASURES.

Good

house keeping Education Enforcement Engineering

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METHODS OF EXTINGUISHING FIRE FIRE EXTINCTION

Fire extinction is the principle of eliminating one or more basic elements of fire from the triangle of combustion. Under the theory of fire triangle, are three methods of fire extinction, which are: STARVATION The limitation of fuel SMOTHERING The limitation of oxygen COOLING The reduction of temperature

1. 2. 3.

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PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS A portable fire extinguisher is an appliance designed to be carried by hand, containing an extinguishing medium, which can be expelled by the action of internal pressure and directed on to fire. The maximum weight of a portable extinguisher should not be more than 23kg. they are intended for fighting small fires only. Present day portable fire extinguishers have the inclusion of controllable discharge devices.
1 Water Extinguishers Red

Dry

Chemical

Powder Extinguisher

Blue

Foam Type Extinguisher

Green or Yellow

Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher

Black

Halogenated Hydrocarbon 4/13/2012

Green

According to E.E.C. Recommendation and standard of colours of fire extinguishers, all fire extinguishers are to be painted Red and their formal colours are indicated with a band.

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FIRE SAFETY
Fire Safety is a term used in fire engineering to denote all measures taken to prevent death and to mitigate injuries, damages, or losses by fire. It is an important aspect of major disaster operations/management seeking to mitigate or avoid the impact of fire results and improved life safety, property, business continuity and minimize the risk to the environment.
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. Different measures are available to deal with fire at different stages of development and the level of protection required will depend upon the objectives that need to be met. Coming within the purview of fire safety are the following commonly misused technical terms
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FIRE SAFETY

- Fire - Fire - Fire

Precaution Prevention Protection Systems.

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The safety of life is the most ultimate aim of fire/safety department. It is an acceptable fact that fire can damage or destroy plants and buildings and these can be replaced but life cannot. The law relating to fire prevention, concerned with life safety is that people should be able to escape safety from the building in which fire has started. In order to achieve safety of life in case of fire outbreak the following requirements should be met.
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1.There must be smoke or fire detection device and it must be reliable 2.The fire alarm must be given immediately and clearly understood. 3.Fore alarm warning must be distinctive and clearly understood. 4.The people must know how to escape. 5.The escape route must lead to the open air 6.The escape route must not be obstructed. 7.The route must not be affected by fire.
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The success of an evacuation also depends on the way in which people responds to a fire warning to written and spoken instructions and possibly to the presence of smoke and fire. Because people tend to panic in the presence of smoke or fire and when they simply hear the shout of fire! People react illogically or irrationally in their attempt to escape. Multiple deaths will sometimes occur because it is not possible for all the occupants of a striker building to escape. Moreover, people die in a situation like this because of the following failures:
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1.Absence of fire detection device 2.The fire or evacuation alarm is delayed 3.The fire spread is too rapid 4.There are too many people 5.The exit route are blocked 6.The building is badly designed 7.The staff has not been trained on evacuation signal and how to escape in case of fire.
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EMERGENCY PLANNING
Planning for an emergency situation is part of the general contingency management.

Planning is the guideline that leads us to where we want to be and we must know where we want to be so that we will know when we get there.

Where do we get to in case of an emergency?

The main objective of an emergency plan is to contain and control incidents at the incipient stage, to safeguard employees and anyone nearby that might be affected and to minimize damage of property and the environment.

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FIRE OR EXPLOSION EMERGENCY

We are particularly concerned with the fire emergency for the purpose of this brief lecture. In planning for an emergency there are basic steps to be taken to develop and manage : FIRE EMERGENCY PROCEDURES. With plans, from time we will need to appraise our situation, where we and where we ought to be when there is emergency.
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The following are initial things to be done when planning for an emergency: 1. Recognize the need for emergency procedures. 2. Carefully design an emergency procedure in line with realities of our operations. 3. Test the suitability of the procedure (DRILL) for the following reasons:

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(a) Does it work?

(b) Do the workers understand it?

(c) Can they apply it and how often do they carry out the drill, What are the likely problems areas associated with it? The employees must be trained on the use, it must be continuous and regular drills to refresh the acquired knowledge and for people to become used to it. To make sure there is no conflict particularly in the command structure.
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The emergency-procedure must stipulate what is to be done in chronological order . 1. On hearing the signal or alarm stops whatever thing you are doing. 2. Walk briskly out (NOT TO RUN) to your mustering point and dont panic. 3. Do not go back for a forgotten item, no matter what. 4. Fire warden should ensure that there is no person left inside. Head count should be carried at the muster point.
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INCASE OF EMERGENCY
Raise Alarm. Call the fire Service. Use portable fire extinguisher. Walk briskly out of danger area to muster point. Evacuate premises. Do not enter premises until you are told to do so by the incident. Controller.

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EVACUATION SIGNALS:
SOUNDERS: Sounders are methods used in giving warning in case of fire even though no voice is produced. There are five different types of sounders. 1. Bells 2. Sirens 3. Electronic Devices 4. Reed Vibrators 5. Coloured lights.
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ORGANIZING EVACUATION SCHEME

The main principle of evacuation is the means of giving warning in case of fire. Escape route and doors through which the occupants, must pass, must be free of obstruction. The factors to be involved in an evacuation exercise are timing warning to occupants, exit route and obstructions to exit doors. Regular training of evacuation exercise should be carried out for at most quarterly to maintain high standard awareness in case of fire outbreak.

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MEANS OF ESCAPE IN CASE OF FIRE:

It is necessary by legislation that adequate means of escape should exit in a building incase of an outbreak of fire, incase there is an outbreak of fire, every occupants should reach a place of safety, unaided and without being placed at hazards while doing so.

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 Occupants of any building should escape from the fire at generally accepted time of about 21/2 minutes.
Their successful arrival at the muster point unaided in not more than 21/2 minutes shows a well organized evacuation procedure.

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ESCAPE ROUTE
The path leading to a place of safety that is necessary to proceed from the starting point (to a place of safety) is known as ESCAPE ROUTE. Escape routes usually starts in a room or an open space and continue through corridors and staircases to reach a place of safety. Escape routes should be protected with enclosed fire resistant walls and doors and in some cases protected lobbies at each storey through which staircase are entered. Theses protected area4/13/2012 lead to open air must

6. GENERAL PRECAUTIONS FOR HOT/COLD WORK.

WELDING AND CUTTING OPERATIONS;

HOT WORK permit should be obtained before commencement of work. Containers should be thoroughly cleaned, made vapour free and tested for flammable vapour by a certified gas tester. Spills of flammable substances around welding vicinity should be thoroughly cleaned before commencement of work. Flammable substances and combustible materials should be kept away from hot work areas.
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 Welding cables should be inspected regularly for defects. Any defective cable shall be discarded and replaced. Welding cable and hose should be coiled and properly stored after use. Welders must wear adequate Personal Protective Equipment required for their operation. Nobody is allowed to pass through any area which is barricaded while welding or radiography operations are taking place. Suitable fire extinguishers should be kept ready for immediate use, at where cutting or welding is being carried out.
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 Torches shall be lit with friction lighters or other safe source but not with matches. Acetylene and oxygen cylinders should not be placed inside confined space and shall not contained in a proper bottle barrow.
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BLASTING AND PAINTING

Air compressors should be conspicuously marked with the maximum working pressure (MWP), the safe working pressure (SWP) and have record of tests and dates. During working operations, the safe working pressure should not be exceeded. Air compressors should be calibrated guage(s) to indicate pressure. Air compressors should have safety relief valve. Air compressors should have drain valve and must be drained on daily basis. Blasting pot should be of sound construction. Blasting hose should be inspected on daily basis before commencement of work. 4/13/2012

Defective blasting hoses should not be used. Blasting hose should not be kinked or twisted. Blasting hose should be securely connected to the pot. Blasting nozzles should be directed away from personnel. Blasting nozzle to have a dead man switch

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FOR PAINTING OPERATIONS:

All necessary protective equipment for painting operations should be worn by painters and others associated with the operations.

Painters should not spray at people The use of hydrocarbon solvent to clean paint stain from the skin shall be disallowed.
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MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT

The only safe way of using mechanical equipment is to have properly trained operators working with well maintained equipment carrying out the work for which it was designed. Prior to the commencement of any work all equipment will undergo a thorough inspection to satisfy the established safety standards.

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COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS:

Gas cylinders should be stored in safe and ventilated places protected from the direct rays of the sun, flame or heat. Oxygen and acetylene cylinders should be stored separately. Cylinders should be labeled to indicate the type of gas it contains.
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Pressure reducing regulators should be used for gas cylinders that they are designed for. Cylinders bottles should be stored upright and capped when not in use. The use of hammers and wrenches for the opening of oxygen cylinder valves should be prohibited.
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 Leakage

cylinders should not be used.

The

use of gas by employees to clean off dust from their bodies should be strictly prohibited
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MANUAL HANDLING:

Inspect the material to be carried for grease/other slippery substances, pinch points, sharp edges, etc. Inspect the materials lay down area.

Ensure hands and footwear have no slippery surfaces.

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For firm and good grip wear hand gloves.

Set feet solidly on the ground well apart, with one slightly ahead of the other and pointing in the direction of travel.
Keep the back as straight as possible not arched.
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MECHANICAL LIFTING

Only qualified and designated persons shall operate the crane. Suspended loads shall not be hoisted over personnel. Personnel not involved in the mechanical handling shall stay clear from lifting vicinity.
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Signal man shall not give operator signal to lift, lower or set down until he is sure personnel and other materials are out of danger. The crane operator should avoid sudden acceleration or deceleration of the load during hoisting.
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 The

crane operator should not use crane for side pull.

The

crane hook should have effectively safety latch. A fire extinguisher should be provided on the crane.
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 Mobile

cranes must not travel with the load. Directives from the crane manufacturer shall be adhered to. Double legged sings should be used for long loads.
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PORTABLE HAND TOOLS:

Hand tools are provided to help workers undertake jobs, which will be difficult to carry out. It is important that hand tools be used for the purposes they are designed. Tools should be used for their intended purposes. Tools with cracked heads or broken handles shall not be used. Personnel should be educated on how to operate hand tools.
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 Pieces

of pipes shall not be added to wrench handles to increase leverage. personnel should carry out Inspection and maintenance of portable electrical power tools.
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Competent

 Files

must be fitted with good handles and must never be used as chisel, center punch or lever. electrical hand tools shall not be used under wet atmosphere
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Portable

SCAFFOLDING ERECTION AND INSPECTION:

Scaffolds

should only be erected by competent personnel and should be properly inspected after erection before use.
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 Ladders,

boxes or makeshift devices shall not be used on top scaffolds to increase height.
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 Scaffolds

board should be checked for firm bearing and sufficient overhang. should be used to raise or lower tools and materials

Rope

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 Scaffold

platforms should be kept clear of unnecessary materials, tools and scraps which may become a tripping hazard or be knocked off endangering people below.
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 Scaffolds should be inspected daily to make certain that all scaffold are properly erected, safe, strong enough to carry load and have no visible damage. Running on top of scaffold is prohibited.
Safety belts/ Harness should be used by anyone working on scaffold boards. Scaffolds boards should not be painted for easy detection of broken part or splits. 4/13/2012

RADIOGRAPPY (NDT):

A valid Work Permit and Certificate for the use of radioactive substance should control all NDT operations for use of radioactive substances. Radioactive operations should be classified persons only. For practical purposes, the harmful radiation produced by x-ray equipment or emitted sources are the same.
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PROTECTION AGAINST RADIATION

Distance, time and shielding are the usual methods of reducing radiation exposure. The following points shall be observed during use of radiation. X-ray works should only be conducted outside normal working hours whenever possible. Radiographers should work in pairs, be equipped with dosage badges, be over 18 years of age and fully acquainted with the scope of Operation

1.

2.

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HANDLING OF RADIOACTIVE SOURCES

Continuous survey meters should be use to monitor levels. Area where work is to be carried out must be barricaded off and warning signs placed. Radiation outside this barrier should be checked frequently and should not exceed 7.5u SV/hr. A prominent warning light to be switched on during exposure of the Radioactive source.
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Radioactive substances to be kept in designated containers.

Radiographers must be fully conversant with Emergency response Procedures for handling stuck exposed source.
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Watchmen are placed to ensure non-authorized persons do not cross the warning barriers. Radiographers must always make the source safe and secured upon any emergency or abnormality.
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ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Work on electrical circuit or electrical equipment be carried out, only by a competent and authorized electrical personnel.

Ensure proper isolation before commencing work on an electrical equipment, after work isolation is completed, test equipment to confirm it is de-energized.
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 Safety signs will be mounted on any electrical equipment in excess of 110 volts. Explosions proof electrical equipment e.g. lights should be used in area classified as highly flammable.
All blown or damaged fuses should be replaced with fuses of appropriate amperage.
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 Workers on electrical equipment should wear PVC hand gloves and must stand on dry ground. Extension cords should not exceed 45m and should be used for temporary work. All portable electrical hand tools should be well grounded/double insulated and carry three pronged plug to fit into three.

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 Electrical wires and cords should be away from oily, wet and sharp surfaces.
Do not after the electrical system except authorized to do so.

Report any suspected danger on the electrical system.

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7.

FIRST AID AND CPR

First Aid is the skilled application of accepted principles of treatment on the occurrence of any injury or sudden illness. It is the approved method of treating a casualty using facilities or materials available to you at the time.
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AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID

To save or preserve life. To prevent the condition worsening. To prevent further injuries and complication. To promote recovery

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SCOPE OF FIRST AID:

DIAGNOSIS:The First Aider should be able to identify and say in simple terms what the problem of the victim is e.g. breathing, broken bones, unconsciousness etc.

TREATMENT:Treatment here implies all measures taken to preserve the life of the victim, to prevent the condition from getting worse and to relieve pain. It does not involve the use of drugs.

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EVACUATION:The First Aider should institute evacuation procedures as laid down by his organization and if communication contact is impossible, make arrangement to transport victim to the nearest hospital /clinic as quickly as possible.

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QUALITIES OF A FIRST AIDER

In order to render skilled assistance to a victim, the First Aider should possess the following qualities;-

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 OBSERVANT;-

He must be able to make quick survey of the entire scene of the emergency and quickly determine the next action to take. He must consider the following;1. Is the scene safe (To him and the victim). 2. What happened, or happening to the victim. 3. Are there bystanders that can help? 4. These should be done in few seconds.
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 CAREFULNES;- The First Aider must be careful in handling the victim so as not to worsen his condition or cause his death. CONFIDENCE:- He must be sure of any procedure he is carrying out so as not to be confused by the by-standers. RESOURCEFUL:- He must be able to improvise.

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 TACTFUL:- He must be able to secure the confidence of the victim and by-standers and assume control of the situation. The way we show pour skill/dexterity. SYMPATHETIC:- Re-assuring the casualty, be kind, tender to him. He must have the feeling that will attract him to help the victim. However, during the course of your treatment, show empathy in order to render the best of treatment. PERSEVERANCE:- Have will continue to try in the face of all difficulties. He should not be discouraged with the little failure but will continue to try and until success comes his way.
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 EXPLICIT:- He should be able to give precise, detailed and accurate information about the casualty and treatment given, either when calling for help or when handling over to the medical crew.

EXERCISE GOOD JUDGMENT (PRIORITIES):- That is knowing severity of different cases

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PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF FIRST AID EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SURVEY THE SCENE:1. In responding to the emergency situation, make a quick survey of the entire scene. Do not only look at the victim. 2. Look at the area around the victim. This should take only a few seconds. 3. Decide what to do next. Consider the following as you do your survey:-

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 Is the Scene Safe? You must first decide if the situation is safe for you.

What Happened? If the victim is conscious, ask questions to determine what happened and the extent of the victims illness or injury. If the victim is unconscious, ask by-standers or look for clues. The scene itself often gives the answer.
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How Many People Are Injured:- Look beyond the victim you see at first at fist glance. There may be other victims. Are there By-Standers Who Can Help? If there are by-standers, use them to help you find out what happened. By-standers though may not be trained in First Aid, but help you in other important ways such as calling medical attention, by offering emotional support to the victims.

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IDENTIFY : Identify yourself as a person trained in First Aid. Tell the victim and the bystanders who you are and that you are trained in First Aid, this may help to reassure the victim. It will also help you to take charge of the situation.

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DO A PRIMARY SURVEY OF THE VICTIM.

The purpose of a primary survey is to check the life threatening conditions. To give urgent first aid care.

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ABC OF FIRST AID

A B C = = = Airway Breathing Circulation

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For Airway opening the airway to allow unobstructed passage of fresh air to the lungs. For Breathing Artificial ventilation to get air into the lungs of a casualty who has stopped breathing.

For Circulation - External chest compression to apply pressure on the chest to compress the hearth and so pump blood through the arteries to the vital organ.
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DO SECONDARY SURVEY:
The purpose of this is to check the victim carefully, from head to toe in an orderly manner for injuries or other problems that are not of an immediate threat to life but which could cause problems if not corrected, for example, broken bone.

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DECIDING TO TRANSPORT THE VICTIM After completing the emergency action principles, you might consider transporting the victim to the hospital yourself if the victims condition is not severe. This is an important decision. Do not transport a victim with a life threatening condition or one in whom there is any chance that a life threatening condition may develop. However, there may be some situations when an ambulance is not readily available. And you have to weigh the risks and consider taking the victim to the hospital. You must pay close attention to the victim and watch for any change in his/her condition.

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RESUSCITATION If a casualty is not breathing and if the heart is not beating, it is vital that you take over respiration and circulation so that the flow of oxygen to the brain is maintained. Remember you ABCs. first, ensure an open airway. Breathe for the casualty by inflating the lungs and oxygenating the blood. Circulate the blood by compressing the chest. The quick and efficient use of Artificial ventilation, if necessary with External chest compression, should prevent further deterioration of the casualtys condition and preserve life until more skilled help is 4/13/2012 available.

METHOD
Place one hand under the casualtys neck and your other hand on the forehead and take the head backward. this will extend the head and neck and open the airway.

Transfer your hand from the neck and push the chin upwards. The tilted jaw will lift the tongue forward, clear of the airway.

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EXTERNAL CHEST COMPRESSION (ECC)

If

mouth-to-mouth ventilation by itself is unsuccessful and the casualtys heart stops or has stopped beating, you must perform External chest compression in conjunction with mouth-to-mouth ventilation.
This

is because without the heart to circulate the blood, oxygenated blood cannot reach the casualtys brain.
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FIRSTAID ADMINISTRATION

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8. WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste

is anything that is no longer of use to the disposer. It is also defined as any unavoidable material that results from an activity or industrial process, but has no immediate economic value or demand and must be disposed off.

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THREE (3) FORMS OF WASTE

GASEOUS WASTES:- e.g. gas flaring, particulate dust, waste gases from stack, cement factories, stone crushing excavation activities, lime dust, asbestos dust, acid fumes and cigarette fumes. LIQUID WASTES:- Waste dissolved in water emanating from industrial processes (know as industrial effluent), domestic liquid, acids waste, waste oil from workshop. SOLID WASTE:- e.g. broken bricks, refuse, sludge and slag, broken glass and bottles, can, plastics, paper, battery casings, plantain skin, pure water bag, etc.

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WASTE CLASSIFICATION

There are three classes of waste: 1. Domestic waste 2. Industrial waste 3. Hazardous waste

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1. DOMESTIC WASTE:Kitchen waste, garden waste, office waste, paper, food, wood, wastewater from toilet and bathrooms, laundry.
2. INDUSTRIAL WASTES:e.g. scrap metals, cardboard packaging, plastics, organic acid, chemical waste, oil waste, effluents or gaseous emissions (smoke, fumes, particulate dust).

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HAZARDOUS WASTE: These are wastes that are potential hazards to human health and the environment. They are usually corrosive ignitable/explosive, reactive, or toxic, and therefore they must receive further treatment before disposal.

The law requires that they be monitored from Cradle to grave. These include dangerous waste, infectious wastes, radioactive/nuclear waste, e.g. inflammable liquids, chemicals, hospital waste, tank bottom, sludge, pesticides, etc.

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PRINCIPLES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT (5 STEPS)

Waste Inventorisation Waste Characterisation Waste Segregation Waste Minimization Waste Treatment

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INVENTORISATION Cataloging of all waste types, quantities, and sources Gives a quick insight on the magnitude of the waste problem at hand CHARACTERISATION Selective separation of waste Make for optimization of recovery of waste streams

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MINIMISATION Involves the 4Rs Reduce Reuse Recycle Recovery TREATMENT This involves physical/biological treatment e.g. septic tank disposal (manually or by truck). Manual disposal requires treatment by adding kerosene.

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WASTE MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES FLOW CHART

INVENTORY

CHARACTERISE SEGREGATE MINIMISATION-4Rs TREATMENT Is there Residue Store Does it require Treatment Disposal Treatment

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.
DISPOSAL

GENERATION HANDLING

WASTE LIFE CYCLE

TREATMENT

STORAGE

TRANSPORT

WASTE SEGREGATION AT SOURCE GENERAL WASTE: FOOD/GARDEN WASTE: GLASS WASTE: PAPER WASTE: IT CONSUMABLES: cartridges DANGEROUS WASTE: waste PLASTIC WASTE: METAL WASTE: BATTERIES:

Black Bin, packaging material, rags Green container Blue container Black plastic bags White container-Toner, Red container e.g. medical

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Brown container Black metal container Grey container

CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT
Contingency

is defined as an event or situation that might happen in the future, especially one that might cause problems. Such an event could be a disaster event or an emergency.

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Disaster
is defined as a very bad accident that causes great damage or loss of life. An event such as flood or storm that produces suffering or unfortunate consequences. An emergency situation is a sudden abnormal or unplanned situation, which requires immediate attention and may endanger human life, the environment, or have an adverse effect on company/public asset or reputation. It is a situation that must be dealt with immediately.
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A contingency management plan: Is a plan that you make in order to deal with a problem that might happen. It involves anticipating emergencies and planning to control them through making provisions that may have to be applied to contain the event and mitigate the consequences and enable early return to normal operations.
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Categories of disasters

Enemy Attack: Damage causing factors of which are blasts, thermal and nuclear radiations, biological and chemical agents? They are usually overt actions, but often with little or no warning. Sabotage: Fire, Explosion, Nuclear radiation, biological and chemical agents. Saboteurs are enemies and use enemy tactics; but their acts are covert and without warning. Natural/Operational: Earthquake, storm, flood, fire, explosion. These are inherent hazards that people are aware of. They may give signs of being about to happen, or give no warning.

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