Invention of Peace:: Reflections On War and International Order
Invention of Peace:: Reflections On War and International Order
Invention of Peace:: Reflections On War and International Order
2. War as an unjustifiable evil: This view holds that war is always morally wrong, and that there
are no circumstances under which it can be justified. This perspective emphasizes the human cost
of war and the fact that it often leads to widespread suffering, death, and destruction.
3. War as a transformative experience: This view emphasizes the
transformative power of war, and suggests that it can lead to personal growth
and development, as well as societal and cultural change.
4. War as a product of structural factors: This view suggests that war is often
the result of deeper structural factors such as economic inequality, political
instability, and cultural or religious conflict. It emphasizes the need to
address these underlying causes in order to prevent future wars.
5. War as a reflection of human nature: This view holds that war is an inherent part of human
nature, and that it is impossible to completely eliminate it from human society. It emphasizes the
importance of managing conflict and finding non-violent ways of resolving disputes.
6. War as a site of resistance and agency: This view emphasizes the agency and resistance of people
affected by war, including soldiers, civilians, and communities. It suggests that war can be an
opportunity for people to assert their autonomy and resist oppression and violence.
Overall, the reflections on war are diverse and complex, and often reflect broader cultural,
historical, and political trends.
How was international order created?
The creation of the international order has been a long and
complex process that has evolved over many centuries.
Historically, the international order was characterized by a system
of sovereign nation-states that pursued their own interests and
often engaged in conflicts and wars with one another.
However, the modern international order emerged in the
aftermath of World War II, which led to a renewed focus on
the need for international cooperation and collective security.
This culminated in the establishment of the United Nations
(UN) in 1945, which was designed to promote peace and
security through diplomacy, mediation, and other peaceful
means.
Over the years that followed, the UN was joined by other
international organizations and institutions, such as the
World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and
the World Trade Organization (WTO). These organizations
were designed to promote economic development, trade,
and other forms of international cooperation.
At the same time, the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union
created a bipolar international order, in which many countries aligned
themselves with one or the other superpower.
The end of the Cold War in 1991 marked a new phase in the evolution of the
international order. This period saw the emergence of a more multipolar
international system, characterized by greater diversity of actors and a more
complex network of alliances and relationships.
Today, the international order is shaped by a variety of factors,
including economic interdependence, political ideology, military
power, and cultural and religious differences. While there are still
many challenges and conflicts within the international system, the
growth of international institutions and the development of new
forms of global governance have helped to create a more stable
and predictable international order.