Business Mathematics - Chapter 1 - All Lessons

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Business Mathematics

ABM 11 –S T, MATTHEW
FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS ON
FRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND
PERCENTAGE
• LESSON 1
• PROPER FRACTIONS:
• Fractions are used by construction companies in instances like mixing
of concrete. They have to know what part should be gravel, what part
should be sand, and what part should be cement to ensure that a
fence will withstand , say, an earthquake. Perhaps, 1 bag cement will
need 5 buckets of sand, 3 buckets of gravel, and 3 buckets of water.
Therefore, if we take the combination of sand, gravel, and water as
one we can say that: 5/11 is SAND; 3/11 is GRAVEL/ and 3/11 is
WATER
Lesson Objectives:
• At the end of learners will be able to:

• Demonstrate an understanding of fractions


• Recall the types of fractions they have learned and;
• Explain how fractions operate when the unit referred to is a group or
a class.
Chapter 1 Lesson 1
• A fraction represent a part of a whole.
• Consists of a NUMERATOR and a DENOMINATOR
• Numerator – is the number above the fraction bar
• Denominator – is the number below the fraction bar
• VINCULUM is what we call the fraction bar – indicating division
Hence, the denominator is the divisor, showing how many parts a whole is divided, and the
numerator is the dividend – showing how many parts of the whole are called for.
Whole here is not limited to a unit as one. Rather, refers to a group as a whole.
Like: A class, a family, a Team or any other group taken as a unit.
For Example: A class consists of 30 students, with 20 boys and 10 girls. We can say that 20/30 or
2/3 are boys and 10/30 or 1/3 are girls.
Proper and Improper Fractions
• Proper Fractions:
• These are fractions that express amount which are less than a unit. As such, the
numerator is always less than the denominator.
• 1/4 1/2 3/4 2/3 5/8 11/12
• Improper Fractions:
• These are factions that express amounts which are equal to or greater than a unit.
Hence, the numerator is either equal to or grater that the denominator
• 3/3 6/5 7/4 11/6 18/11
• Mixed Numbers :
• These are numbers that consists of whole number and a fraction.:
• 1 1/3 (read as one and one third 5 3/4 (read as five and three- fourth
• 2 3/5 (read as two and three-fifth 8 ¼ (read as eight and one - fourth
BIG IDEA: Life can be simplified just like fractions if
you can learn how to balance things in your life and give
importance to things that really matter
to you.

• Adding Fractions:
• To add fractions with the same denominator, add the numerators and write
the sum over the common denominator.
• Then simplify or reduce the resulting fraction to its lowest term if possible.
• To simplify or reduce to its lowest term, divide the numerator and
denominator by their GREATEST COMMON FACTOR (GCF) The GCF is the
greatest factor that can divide two or more numbers. (see example on excel)
ADDING FRACTIONS – Continued..
• Adding fractions with different denominator,
• To add fractions with different denominators write them first as
equivalent fractions by finding the least common denominator (LCD)
of the fractions. The LCD is the least common multiple of the
denominators of the fractions:
• (see example on excel)
SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS
• To subtract fractions with the same denominator, subtract the
numerators and write the difference over the common denominator
(see example on excel illustration)

• To subtract fractions with different denominators follows the same


procedure as in adding fractions with different denominators. Write
the fractions first as equivalent fractions by finding the LCD.
• (see example on excel illustration)
MULTIPLYING FRACTIONS
• To multiply Fractions:, follow these steps:
• 1. change the mixed number (if any) to an improper fraction
• 2. Before you multiply, cross cancel (reduce the numerator of one
fraction with the denominator of another fraction by dividing both by
their GCF)
• 3. multiply the numerators, then multiply the denominators
• 4. convert the result (if improper fraction) to a mixed number
• 5. Reduce your answer in its simplest or lowest term.
• (Example on Excel Illustration)
DIVIDING Fractions
• To divide fractions, follow these steps:
• 1. change the mixed number (if any) to an improper fraction
• 2. Change the division sign to multiplication sign
• 3. get the reciprocal of the divisor by interchanging its numerator and
denominator
• 4. if possible, cross cancel before multiplying
• 5. multiply the numerators then multiply the denominators
• 6. convert the result (if improper fraction) to a mixed number
• 7. Reduce answer in its simplest or lowest term
• See Example on the Excel illustration
DECIMALS
• Decimals are numbers with decimal point and decimal places. A grade
of 1.5 is an example of a decimal number read as One point Five.

• Kinds of Decimals
• There are two:
• Terminating and Non-terminating
• A terminating decimal is a decimal that end or terminates.
• Examples – 0.25,0.5,0.75.and 0.8
Decimals
• A Non terminating Decimal is a decimal that does not end. Non
terminating decimals are further classified as repeating and non-
repeating decimals.
• A repeating decimal has a digit or block of digits repeated in the
decimal part.
• Examples are: 0.3333, 0.121212, 0.1000
• A non –repeating, non-terminating decimal has no digit or sequence
of digits repeated in the decimal part.
• Examples of which are the mathematical constants :
Decimals -
• Adding Decimals
• Add decimals same way as you add whole numbers.
• Write digits in columns and align the decimal points
• For convenience, zeroes may be appended so that the numbers may
have the same number of place/
• Then add the digits from right to left.
• Example: a) 7.5 + 1.75
• b) 0.75 +6+0.345
Decimals -
• Subtracting Decimals
• Subtract decimals in the same way as you subtract whole numbers
• Write the digits in columns and align the decimal points.
• Regroup when a digit in the subtrahend is greater that the digit in the
same place value on the minuend
• Example:
• A.) 5.5-1.75
• B.) 100-20.15
Decimals
• Multiplying Decimals:
• Multiply decimals in the same way you multiply whole numbers
• Count the number of decimal places in the factors.
• The number of decimals places in the product should be equal to the
total number of decimal places in the factors.
• Example:
• A.) 24.75 x 0.9
• B.) 1.75 x 2.25
Decimals
• Dividing decimals - - - -
• In the case in which the dividend is a decimal, divide decimals as you divide
whole numbers.
• Place the decimal point of the quotient directly above the decimal point of the
dividend and continue the division process
• In the case in which the divisor and the dividend are both decimals, move the
decimal points of the divisor to the right until it becomes a whole number. Move
also the decimal point of the dividend as many places to the right as it was done
in the divisor. Then divide.
• Example: Divide
• A. 0.12/5 B. 224/12.5
Percents/Percantages
• You encounter percents in you everyday life. You see percents
everywhere.
• Percents can be understood more than fractions. That is why
businesses use percents to advertise their discounts on their product.
• “Avail up to 50% off on beauty treatments”
• Enjoy absolutely 0% interst for a minimum installment purchase”
• Pay your hospital bills for as low as 0.75% per month payable up to 24
months installment”
• Percent – people use percent and percentage synonymously, however these
are not synonymous. The
Percents/Percentages
• The use of the word percent or the % symbol should be accompanied by a
specific number, while Percentage is used without the % symbol and in some
cases may be used alone without a specific value.
• For example: 80% (or 80%) of the board examinees passed the recent CPA
BOARD exams, but the percentage of CPA board exam passes has increased.
• A percent refers to parts per hundred, while percentage is the result
obtained by multiplying a number by a percent.
• A value or a quantity can be expressed as a fraction, a decimal or a percent.
• Thus, it is important that you know how to convert a fraction into decimal
and percent forms. And vice versa.
Percents/Percentage
• Changing fractions to decimal and Percent
• To express a fraction as a decimal, divide the numerator by the
denominator.
• The resulting decimal can then be expressed as a percent by multiplying
the decimal by 100 or by moving the decimal point two places to the right
and affixing the percent *%) symbol.
• Example:
• A. ¾ = 0.75 = 75%
• B. 5 7/12 = 5.583 (Divide 7/12) then add the whole number to the
quotient.

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