Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

PAI

W
E Loops
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PROGRAMMING FOR AI (PAI)
Oct 2022
5
Objectives
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

 At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

 Code using while and for loop
 Understand the range() function
 Code nested loops
 Able to alter program flow using break and continue
 Use list comprehension to create new lists

Lecture 5
Slide 2
Topics
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

 while loop
 for loop
 range()
 Nested loop
 break
 continue

Lecture 5
Slide 3
Recap if-elif-else
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

 When executed, only goes through construct only once!

One-transaction-ATM
if-elif-else structure
z = int( input('Enter a number: ' ) )
if z % 2 == 0 :
print('z is divisible by 2')
elif z % 3 == 0 :
print('z is divisible by 3')
else :
print('z is neither divisible by 2 or 3')
https://vectortoons.com/products/a-man-getting-money-and-r
eceipt-from-the-atm

Lecture 5
Slide 4
 while loop – 1
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

Sequence of execution:
while loop structure Line No. Action
while condition : Output: 1 error set to 20
expression 6.666666666666667 2 condition is True
2.222222222222223 3 error = 6.66…
 Repeating expression 0.740740740740740
as long as 4 condition is
prints error
end 2 condition is True
True
3 error = 2.22…
 Example: 4 prints error
1: error = 20
 Error starts at 20 2: while error > 1 :
2 condition is True
3 error = 0.74…
 Divide error by 3 on every iteration 3: error = error / 3
4 prints error
 Continue until error no longer > 1 4: print(error)
2 condition is False
5: print('end')
5 prints end
Lecture 5
Slide 5
while loop – 2
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

while loop structure

while condition_is_True :
do_something

 Be careful to ensure condition eventually terminates the loop

 Example:
 code below runs 'forever', interrupt the Python Kernel to stop the run.
1: error = 20
2: while error > 1 :
3: # error = error / 3
4: print(error)
5: print('end')
Lecture 5
Slide 6
for loop – 1
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

 Definition:
for loop structure
for var in seq :
expression
 for each var in seq, execute expression
 Interpretation:

for loop structure

for each_thing in a_group_of_things :
do_something

Lecture 5
Slide 7
for loop – 2
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

 Recall list:
family_height = [ 1.72, 1.58, 1.69, 1.79 ] Output:
print(family_height) [ 1.72, 1.58, 1.69, 1.79 ]

 How to print each value on a line by itself?

family_height = [ 1.72, 1.58, 1.69, 1.79 ] Output:
print(family_height[0]) 1.72
1.58
print(family_height[1])
1.69
print(family_height[2]) 1.79
print(family_height[3])
 Is there an easier way?

Lecture 5
Slide 8
for loop – 3
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

for loop structure

for each_thing in a_group_of_things :
 Use for loop do_something

family_height = [ 1.72, 1.58, 1.69, 1.79 ]

for height in family_height :
print(height)
Output:
 First iteration, height has value 1.72, prints height 1.72
 Second iteration, height has value 1.58, prints height 1.58
1.69
 Third iteration, height has value 1.69, prints height 1.79
 Fourth and last iteration, height has value 1.79, prints height
 End of list
 No more access to height after the iterations.

Lecture 5
Slide 9
range() – 1
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

 range is an immutable (non-modifiable) sequence type (list is also a

sequence type) that represents arithmetic progression
 To generate the range sequence, range() is called.
 range is especially useful to iterate over a sequence of numbers in
loops

Lecture 5
Slide 10
range() – 2
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

range(stop)
range(start,
range(start, stop)
stop)
range(start, stop, step)
range(start, stop, step)
 start: Starting number of the sequence
 stop: Generate numbers up to, but not including this number
 step: Difference between each number

 Parameters can be passed in range() to determine the range of

sequence generated
 All parameters must be integers
 All parameters can be positive or negative
Lecture 5
Slide 11
range() – 3
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

 Examples:
for x in range(5) : for x in range(3, 6) : for x in range(3 , 8, 2) :
print(x) print(x) print(x)

Output: Output: Output:

0 3 3
1 4 5
2 5 7
3
4
list1 = list( range(1, 6) )
list1
Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

Lecture 5
Slide 12
range() – 4
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

 How to print the index AND the item in a list?

family_height = [ 1.72, 1.58, 1.69, 1.79 ] Output:
??? index 0: 1.72
index 1: 1.58
index 2: 1.69
index 3: 1.79

 Loop over a range() index values of the list.

 Example:
family_height = [ 1.72, 1.58, 1.69, 1.79 ]
for i in range(0, len(family_height)) :
print(f'index {i}: {family_height[i]}')

Is there an easier way?

Lecture 5
Slide 13
for loop enumerate
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

for loop enumerate structure

for index, each_thing in enumerate(a_group_of_things) :
do_something

 Use enumerate to loop over a collection while keeping track of the index
in a variable:
family_height = [ 1.72, 1.58, 1.69, 1.79 ] Output:
index 0: 1.72
for index, height in enumerate(family_height) index 1: 1.58
print(f'index {index}: {height}') index 2: 1.69
index 3: 1.79

Lecture 5
Slide 14
Loop over string
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

 Same syntax: for loop structure

for each_thing in a_group_of_things :
for letter in 'family' : do_something
print(letter.capitalize())
Output:
F
A
M
I
L
Y

Lecture 5
Slide 15
Nested Loop
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

 A loop can contain any statements.

 Nested loop is a loop that contains another loop
 For every iteration of the outer loop, the inner loop is repeated
 Nested loop created using any of the repetitions structure
 May use different loop for the inner and outer loops
for item1 in list1: while expression:
for item2 in list2: while expression:
statement(s) statement(s)
statement(s) statement(s)

for item in list: while expression:

while expression: for item in list:
statement(s) statement(s)
statement(s) statement(s)
Lecture 5
Slide 16
Nested Loop – Example 1
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

 Write a nested loop to display the following pattern:

=======
=======
=======

for i in range(3):
outer loop
for j in range(7):
print('=', end='')
inner loop
print()

Lecture 5
Slide 17
Nested Loop – Example 2
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

 Write a nested loop to display the following pattern:

1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5

for row in range(1, 6):

outer loop
for col in range(1, row+1):
print(col, end='')
inner loop
print()

Lecture 5
Slide 18
break statement
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

 break # Example 2
 To exit a loop completely when a var = 10
condition is True while var > 0 :
print('Current variable value: ', var)
 Resumes execution at next statement
var = var – 1
after loop
if var == 5 :
 Examples: # Example 1 break
for letter in 'Python' : print('Good bye!')
if letter == 'h' :
Output:
break Current variable value: 10
print('Current letter: ', letter) Current variable value: 9
Current variable value: 8
Output:
Current variable value: 7
Current letter: P
Current variable value: 6
Current letter: y
Good bye! Lecture 5
Current letter: t Slide 19
continue statement
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

# Example 2
var = 10
 continue while var > 0 :
var = var – 1
 To skip all remaining statements in loop
if var == 5 :
and start next iteration continue
 Control goes to beginning of loop print('Current variable value: ', var)
print('Good bye!‘)
# Example 1
for letter in 'Python' : Output:
if letter == 'h' : Current variable value: 10
Current variable value: 9
continue Current variable value: 8
print('Current letter: ', letter) Output:
Current variable value: 7
Current letter: P
Current variable value: 6
Current letter: y
Current variable value: 4
Current letter: t
Current variable value: 3
Current letter: o
Current variable value: 2
Current letter: n
Current variable value: 1 Lecture 5
Good bye! Slide 20
Summary
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive

 while loop
 a loop that executes the statements as long as the condition is True
 for loop
 a loop used for iterating over values in a sequence eg. list, etc.
 range()
 to specify a range of values that can be used in a loop
 Nested loop
 Outer loop that has a inner loop
 break
 to skip the rest of the statements in the loop and terminate the loop
 continue
 to skip the rest of the statements in the loop and continue from the beginning of the loop
Lecture 5
Slide 21