Oral Communication

Lesson 2
REVIEW
 THE VARIOUS
MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION
 What is a Model?
• A model is a system or
thing used as an
example to follow or
imitate.
THREE MAIN MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION
THREE MAIN MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION

• Linear Model
• Interactive Model
• Transactional Model
LINEAR MODEL
 LINEAR MODEL
• It is a one-way communication.
• Only the sender sends the
message.
• The receiver receives only.
• There is no feedback.
• It involves persuasion, not mutual
understanding.
Advantages of Linear Model
• It is good at audience
persuasion.
• There are intentional
results.
• It is used in mass
communication.
Disadvantages of Linear Model
• Communication is not
continuous.
• It has no feedback.
• It is not interactive.
• It is difficult to identify the
effectiveness of
communication.
The most prominent linear models
of communication are:
• Aristotle’s Model of
Communication
• Laswell’s Model
• The Shannon-Weaver Model
• Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model
Basic Illustration of the Linear
Model of Communication
 ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
• This is the oldest communication
model that dates back to 300 BC.
• This model is more focused on public
speaking than interpersonal
communication.
• This model was designed to examine
how to become a better and more
persuasive communicator.
 ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
• The sender is the only active member
in this model, whereas the audience
is passive.
• Aristotle argues that we should look
at five elements of a communication
event to analyze how best to
communicate: speaker, speech,
occasion, target audience and effect.
Examples:
• Seminar
• a pastor preaching
• a politician delivering a
campaign speech
• presidential speech
 LASWELL’S MODEL
This model tries to understand a
communication event by asking five
important questions:
• Who created the message?
• What did they say?
• What channel did they use?
• To whom did they say it?
• What effect did it have on the receiver?
 QUESTION COMPONENT EXAMPLE OF COMPONENT

Who? Communicator Vacuum cleaner salesman

Promotes his brand of vacuum as

Says What? Message
the best brand

In Which Channel Medium On television

To evening TV viewers in the United

To Whom? Audience
States

Achieving brand awareness,

promoting the belief that this is the
With What Effect? Effect
best vacuum, leading to increased
sales revenue
THE SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
• It is known as the mother of all
communication models.
• It is the first to highlight the role
of noise in communication.
• It emphasizes the importance
of encoding and decoding
messages for them to be sent.
Example:
Paula, a VP of Marketing in a multinational
company, is briefing Julian on new marketing
strategies they are about to introduce next
month. She wants a detailed study on the
competitor’s activity by the end of the week.
Unfortunately, while she was speaking, her
assistant Peter interrupted her, and she forgot
to tell Julian about the most important issue.
At the end of the week, Julian did finish the
report, but there were some mistakes, which
had to be corrected later on.
Analysis of the Example:
• Paula is the sender, her mouth
being the encoder.
• The meeting she held was the
channel.
• Julian’s ears and brain were
decoders, and Julian was the
receiver.
• Peter’s role was the noise.
 BERLO’S S-M-C-R MODEL
This model explains
communication in four steps:
source, message, channel
and receiver. These are
influenced by different factors.
INTERACTIVE
MODEL
INTERACTIVE MODEL
• It is a two-way
communication.
• There is feedback.
• It is used for new media like
the internet.
• It is interactive but not
simultaneous.
Advantages of Interactive Model
• It aims to form bonds and
relationships with among
people.
• There is feedback even in
mass communication.
• There are new communication
channels.
Disadvantages of Interactive Model

• It sometimes has
slower/delayed
feedback.
• The sender and receiver
might not know who the
other person is.
Basic Illustration of the Interactive
Model Of Communication
 SCHRAMM’S MODEL
• Wilbur Schramm is known as the father of
mass communication.
• Schramm claims that communication can
take place if and only if there is an
overlap between the field of experience of
the participants of the communication
process.
• He added in this model “field of
experience” which is based on beliefs,
values and learned meanings.
SCHRAMM’S MODEL
Example:
A professor of calculus will find
it very difficult to communicate
important calculus principles to a
classroom of kindergarten
students because they do not
share a field of experience that
make the message easy to
understand.
 WESTLEY AND MCLEAN’S MODEL
• This model emphasizes that
communication is seen to start with
environmental factors which influence
someone to speak.
• It shows that the things we say and
communicate are influenced by who
we are, what our background is, and
what perspective we are approaching
issues from.
Example:
Imagine that on your way to the
office, you witness a road
accident. This is the stimulus that
would nudge you to call your
friends and tell them about what
you had seen, or call your boss
to say you are going to be a bit
late.
TRANSACTIONAL
MODEL
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
• It looks at two-way communication where
the message gets more complex as the
conversation progresses.
• The senders and receivers interchange
roles.
• There is simultaneous feedback.
• It includes context of environment and
noise.
• Senders and receivers are referred to as
communicators.
Advantages of Transactional Model

• It has simultaneous
feedback
• It has no discrimination
between sender and
receiver.
Disadvantages of Transactional Model

• It has more noise due

to communicators
talking at the same
time.
Basic Illustration of the Transactional
Model of Communication
BARNLUND’S TRANSACTIONAL MODEL

• It explores interpersonal,
immediate-feedback
communication.
• It emphasizes that feedback
for the sender is the reply for
the receiver.
BARNLUND’S TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
This model accentuates the role
of cues in impacting our messages.
Barnlund differentiates between:
• Public cues (environmental cues),
• Private cues (person’s personal
thoughts and background)
• Behavioral cues (person’s behavior,
that can be verbal and nonverbal). 
Example:
Analysis of the Example:
Why was there a misunderstanding in this
conversation?
This misunderstanding has arisen due to
cultural cues. Namely, Catherine had thought
that Irene wanted a day off on July 4th.
However, Irene comes from Norway and
celebrates Independence day on May 17th.
On that day, she does not show up at work,
to Catherine’s bewilderment because she has
expected Irene to take a day off on July 4th,
on US Independence Day.
Analysis of the Example:
So, due to cultural cues, there
was a misunderstanding between
them.
Still, this misunderstanding could
have easily been avoided, had
they cleared up the dates by
providing each other with
feedback.
 DANCE’S HELICAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
This model explains how we
improve our messages over
time by using feedback. When
we communicate with others,
their feedback will influence
our next statement.
 DANCE’S HELICAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
We become more knowledgeable with
each cycle of communication, enabling
up to ‘expand our circle’, as represented
by the increasingly wider and wider
circles. The movement up the spiral
indicates that each communication
practice is new and different from the
previous, as communication does not
ever perfectly repeat itself.
Example:
Dance himself explained his
model with the example of a person
learning throughout their life.
Namely, a person starts to
communicate with their
surroundings very early on, using
rudimentary methods of
communication.
Example:
For instance, a baby cries to get the mother’s
attention. Later on, they learn to speak in words,
and then full sentences.
During the whole process, we build on what we
know to improve our communication.
Every communication act is a chance for us to
learn how to communicate more effectively in the
future, and feedback helps us achieve more
effective communication.
In a way, our whole life is one communicational
journey toward the top of Dance’s helix.
 Sources:
• https://helpfulprofessor.com/communication-models/

• https://pumble.com/learn/communication/communication-models/#:~:
text=There%20are%208%20major%20models,Aristotle's%20model%2
0of%20communication

• https://
depedtambayan.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/CO_Q1-Oral-comm-i
n-Context-SHS-Module-2-FINAL.pdf

• https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6VFUpGnQ_0&list=LL&index=22&t=684
s

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2YZ7g_ClEw&list=LL&index=23

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHcrFM1A4MU&list=LL&index=24