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    Lecture 1

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    Pudding 3110
    Problem solving and decision making involve discovering solutions to goals that are not readily attainable. There are different types of problems including problems of structure, arrangement, and transformation. Common approaches to problem solving include trial and error, heuristics like forming subgoals or working backwards, and overcoming barriers such as irrelevant information or fixed mindsets. Decision making involves choosing between alternatives or making risky decisions under uncertainty. Factors like heuristics, base rates, and question framing can influence risk assessment. Groups may polarize views further or succumb to groupthink that impairs decision quality.

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    Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    Pudding 3110
    40 views13 pages
    Problem solving and decision making involve discovering solutions to goals that are not readily attainable. There are different types of problems including problems of structure, arrangement, and transformation. Common approaches to problem solving include trial and error, heuristics like forming subgoals or working backwards, and overcoming barriers such as irrelevant information or fixed mindsets. Decision making involves choosing between alternatives or making risky decisions under uncertainty. Factors like heuristics, base rates, and question framing can influence risk assessment. Groups may polarize views further or succumb to groupthink that impairs decision quality.

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    Problem solving and decision making involve discovering solutions to goals that are not readily attainable. There are different types of problems including problems of structure, arrangement, and transformation. Common approaches to problem solving include trial and error, heuristics like forming subgoals or working backwards, and overcoming barriers such as irrelevant information or fixed mindsets. Decision making involves choosing between alternatives or making risky decisions under uncertainty. Factors like heuristics, base rates, and question framing can influence risk assessment. Groups may polarize views further or succumb to groupthink that impairs decision quality.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    40 views13 pages

    Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    Pudding 3110
    Problem solving and decision making involve discovering solutions to goals that are not readily attainable. There are different types of problems including problems of structure, arrangement, and transformation. Common approaches to problem solving include trial and error, heuristics like forming subgoals or working backwards, and overcoming barriers such as irrelevant information or fixed mindsets. Decision making involves choosing between alternatives or making risky decisions under uncertainty. Factors like heuristics, base rates, and question framing can influence risk assessment. Groups may polarize views further or succumb to groupthink that impairs decision quality.

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    Problem Solving And Decision

    Making
    Chapter 8
    Definition
     Problem solving refers to active efforts to
    discover what must be done to achieve a goal
    that is not readily attainable.
    Types of Problems (Greeno)
     Problems of Inducing Structure

     Problems of Arrangement

     Problems of Transformation
    Approaches to Problem Solving
     Trial & Error

     Heuristics

     Forming Subgoals (Tower of Hanoi)

     Working Backwards (Water Lilies)

     Using Analogies (Tumor)

     Reenvisioning the Problem


    Barriers to Effective Problem Solving
     Irrelevant (Distracting) Information

     Functional Fixedness (Screw Driver)

     Mental Set

     Unnecessary Constraints
    Decision Making
     Two types of decisions
     Making choices (selecting among alternatives)
     Taking chances (deciding amidst uncertainty)
    Selecting Among Alternatives
     Strategies
     Additive
     Subtractive (Elimination of Aspects)
    Making “Risky” Decisions
     Risky Decisions (Tversky & Kahneman)
     Factors Influencing Risky Decisions
     Using Probabilities
     Expected Value
     Subjective Utility
     Factors that Affect Probability Estimates
     Heuristics
     Availability
     Representativeness
     Ignoring Base Rates
     The Conjunction Fallacy
     Alternative Outcomes Effect
     Framing the Question
    Humans as Decision Makers
    Classic View Evolutionary View
    Irrational Specialized cognition is adaptive
    Prone to errors & mistakes Rational
    Mentally limited Fast and Frugal heuristics work

    Dual Process Theories


    Intuitive Thinking
    Rational Thinking
    Reducing Regret after Decisions
    $20
    Cognitive Dissonance Theory Told next person
    tasks were fun
    and interesting

    Boring Asked how


    Tasks much they
    enjoyed experiment

    Told next person


    tasks were fun
    and interesting
    $1
    Making Decisions in Groups
     Group Polarization

     Groupthink
    Group Polarization
    Group Polarization- tendency to shift toward more
    extreme positions after group discussion

    Risky Neutral Cautious


    Groupthink
     Groupthink- syndrome of bad decision-making

    12.17

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