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Chapter 01

The document discusses digital forensics and investigations, including an overview of digital forensics and related disciplines. It describes preparing for both public and private sector investigations and understanding law enforcement and private sector investigations.

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Bebetski Huerto
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
56 views54 pages

Chapter 01

The document discusses digital forensics and investigations, including an overview of digital forensics and related disciplines. It describes preparing for both public and private sector investigations and understanding law enforcement and private sector investigations.

Uploaded by

Bebetski Huerto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 54

Guide to Computer Forensics

and Investigations
Sixth Edition

Chapter 1
Understanding The Digital Forensics Profession
and Investigations

1
Objectives

• Describe the field of digital forensics


• Explain how to prepare computer investigations and summarize the difference
between public-sector and private-sector investigations
• Explain the importance of maintaining professional conduct
• Describe how to prepare a digital forensics investigation by taking a systematic
approach
• Describe procedures for private-sector digital investigations
• Explain requirements for data recovery workstations and software
• Summarize how to conduct an investigation, including critiquing a case

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 2
classroom use.
An Overview of Digital Forensics (1 of 3)
• Digital forensics
• The application of computer science and investigative procedures for a legal purpose
involving
- the analysis of digital evidence after proper search authority,
- chain of custody,
- validation with mathematics,
- use of validated tools,
- repeatability,
- reporting, and
- possible expert presentation.

• In October 2012, an ISO standard for digital forensics was ratified - ISO 27037
Information technology - Security techniques

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 3
classroom use.
Digital Forensics and Other Related
Disciplines (1 of 3)

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classroom use.
Digital Forensics and Other Related
Disciplines (2 of 3)

• Vulnerability/threat assessment and risk management


• Tests and verifies the integrity of stand-alone workstations and network servers
• Network intrusion detection and incident response
• Detects intruder attacks by using automated tools and monitoring network firewall
logs
• Digital investigations
• Manages investigations and conducts forensics analysis of systems suspected of
containing evidence

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 5
classroom use.
Preparing for Digital Investigations (1 of 3)

• Digital investigations fall into two categories:


• Public-sector investigations
• Private-sector investigations

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 6
classroom use.
Preparing for Digital Investigations (2 of 3)

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 7
classroom use.
Preparing for Digital Investigations (3 of 3)

• Public-sector investigations involve government agencies responsible for


criminal investigations and prosecution
• Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
• Restrict government search and seizure
• The Department of Justice (DOJ) updates information on computer search and
seizure regularly
• Private-sector investigations focus more on policy violations

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 8
classroom use.
Understanding Law Enforcement Agency
Investigations
• When conducting public-sector investigations, you must understand laws on
computer-related crimes including:
• Standard legal processes
• Guidelines on search and seizure
• How to build a criminal case
• The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act was passed in 1986
• Specific state laws were generally developed later

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 9
classroom use.
Understanding Private-Sector
Investigations (1 of 8)
• Private-sector investigations involve private companies and lawyers who
address company policy violations and litigation disputes
• Example: wrongful termination
• Businesses strive to minimize or eliminate litigation
• Private-sector crimes can involve:
• E-mail harassment, falsification of data, gender and age discrimination,
embezzlement, sabotage, and industrial espionage

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 10
classroom use.
Understanding Private-Sector
Investigations (2 of 8)
• Businesses can reduce the risk of litigation by publishing and maintaining
policies that employees find easy to read and follow
• Most important policies define rules for using the company’s computers and
networks
• Known as an “Acceptable use policy”
• Line of authority - states who has the legal right to initiate an investigation,
who can take possession of evidence, and who can have access to evidence

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 11
classroom use.
Understanding Private-Sector
Investigations (3 of 8)
• Business can avoid litigation by displaying a warning banner on computer
screens
• Informs end users that the organization reserves the right to inspect computer
systems and network traffic at will

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 12
classroom use.
Understanding Private-Sector
Investigations (4 of 8)

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 13
classroom use.
Understanding Private-Sector
Investigations (5 of 8)
• Sample text that can be used in internal warning banners:
• Use of this system and network is for official business only
• Systems and networks are subject to monitoring at any time by the owner
• Using this system implies consent to monitoring by the owner
• Unauthorized or illegal users of this system or network will be subject to discipline or
prosecution

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 14
classroom use.
Understanding Private-Sector
Investigations (6 of 8)
• Businesses are advised to specify an authorized requester who has the power
to initiate investigations
• Examples of groups with authority
• Corporate security investigations
• Corporate ethics office
• Corporate equal employment opportunity office
• Internal auditing
• The general counsel or legal department

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 15
classroom use.
Understanding Private-Sector
Investigations (7 of 8)
• During private investigations, you search for evidence to support allegations of
violations of a company’s rules or an attack on its assets
• Three types of situations are common:
• Abuse or misuse of computing assets
• E-mail abuse
• Internet abuse
• A private-sector investigator’s job is to minimize risk to the company

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 16
classroom use.
Understanding Private-Sector
Investigations (8 of 8)
• The distinction between personal and company computer property can be
difficult with cell phones, smartphones, personal notebooks, and tablet
computers
• Bring your own device (BYOD) environment
• Some companies state that if you connect a personal device to the business network,
it falls under the same rules as company property

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 17
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Preparing a Digital Forensics Investigation

• The role of digital forensics professional is to gather evidence to prove that a


suspect committed a crime or violated a company policy
• Collect evidence that can be offered in court or at a corporate inquiry
• Investigate the suspect’s computer
• Preserve the evidence on a different computer
• Chain of custody
• Route the evidence takes from the time you find it until the case is closed or goes to
court

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 18
classroom use.
An Overview of a Computer Crime

• Computers can contain information that helps law enforcement determine:


• Chain of events leading to a crime
• Evidence that can lead to a conviction
• Law enforcement officers should follow proper procedure when acquiring the
evidence
• Digital evidence can be easily altered by an overeager investigator
• A potential challenge: information on hard disks might be password protected,
so forensics tools may need to be used in your investigation

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 19
classroom use.
An Overview of a Company Policy
Violation
• Employees misusing resources can cost companies millions of dollars
• Misuse includes:
• Surfing the Internet
• Sending personal e-mails
• Using company computers for personal tasks

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 20
classroom use.
Taking a Systematic Approach (1 of 2)
• Steps for problem solving
• Make an initial assessment about the type of case you are investigating
• Determine a preliminary design or approach to the case
• Create a detailed checklist
• Determine the resources you need
• Obtain and copy an evidence drive

• Steps for problem solving (cont’d)


• Identify the risks
• Mitigate or minimize the risks
• Test the design
• Analyze and recover the digital evidence
• Investigate the data you recover
• Complete the case report
• Critique the case

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 21
classroom use.
Assessing the Case

• Systematically outline the case details


• Situation
• Nature of the case
• Specifics of the case
• Type of evidence
• Known disk format
• Location of evidence
• Based on these details, you can determine the case requirements

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 22
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Planning Your Investigation

• A basic investigation plan should include the following activities:


• Acquire the evidence
• Complete an evidence form and establish a chain of custody
• Transport the evidence to a computer forensics lab
• Secure evidence in an approved secure container

• A basic investigation plan (cont’d):


• Prepare your forensics workstation
• Retrieve the evidence from the secure container
• Make a forensic copy of the evidence
• Return the evidence to the secure container
• Process the copied evidence with computer forensics tools

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 23
classroom use.
Procedures for Private-Sector High-Tech
Investigations
• As an investigator, you need to develop formal procedures and informal
checklists
• To cover all issues important to high-tech investigations
• Ensures that correct techniques are used in an investigation

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 24
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Employee Termination Cases

• The majority of investigative work for termination cases involves employee


abuse of corporate assets
• Incidents that create a hostile work environment are the predominant types of
cases investigated
• Viewing pornography in the workplace
• Sending inappropriate e-mails
• Organizations must have appropriate policies in place

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 25
classroom use.
Internet Abuse Investigations

• To conduct an investigation you need:


• Organization’s Internet proxy server logs
• Suspect computer’s IP address
• Suspect computer’s disk drive
• Your preferred computer forensics analysis tool

• Recommended steps
• Use standard forensic analysis techniques and procedures
• Use appropriate tools to extract all Web page URL information
• Contact the network firewall administrator and request a proxy server log
• Compare the data recovered from forensic analysis to the proxy server log
• Continue analyzing the computer’s disk drive data

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 26
classroom use.
E-mail Abuse Investigations

• To conduct an investigation you need:


• An electronic copy of the offending e-mail that contains message header data
• If available, e-mail server log records
• For e-mail systems that store users’ messages on a central server, access to the server
• Access to the computer so that you can perform a forensic analysis on it
• Your preferred computer forensics analysis tool

• Recommended steps
• Use the standard forensic analysis techniques
• Obtain an electronic copy of the suspect’s and victim’s e-mail folder or data
• For Web-based e-mail investigations, use tools such as FTK’s Internet Keyword Search
option to extract all related e-mail address information
• Examine header data of all messages of interest to the investigation

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 27
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Attorney-Client Privilege Investigations

• Under attorney-client privilege (ACP) rules for an attorney


• You must keep all findings confidential
• Many attorneys like to have printouts of the data you have recovered
• You need to persuade and educate many attorneys on how digital evidence can be
viewed electronically
• You can also encounter problems if you find data in the form of binary files

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 28
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Industrial Espionage Investigations (1 of 5)

• All suspected industrial espionage cases should be treated as criminal


investigations
• Staff needed
• Digital investigator who is responsible for disk forensic examinations
• Technology specialist who is knowledgeable of the suspected compromised technical
data
• Network specialist who can perform log analysis and set up network sniffers
• Threat assessment specialist (typically an attorney)

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 29
classroom use.
Industrial Espionage Investigations (2 of 5)

• Guidelines when initiating an investigation


• Determine whether this investigation involves a possible industrial espionage incident
• Consult with corporate attorneys and upper management
• Determine what information is needed to substantiate the allegation
• Generate a list of keywords for disk forensics and sniffer monitoring
• List and collect resources for the investigation

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 30
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Industrial Espionage Investigations (3 of 5)

• Guidelines (cont’d)
• Determine the goal and scope of the investigation
• Initiate investigation after approval from management
• Planning considerations
• Examine all e-mails of suspected employees
• Search Internet newsgroups or message boards
• Initiate physical surveillance
• Examine facility physical access logs for sensitive areas

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 31
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Industrial Espionage Investigations (4 of 5)

• Planning considerations (cont’d)


• Determine suspect location in relation to the vulnerable asset
• Study the suspect’s work habits
• Collect all incoming and outgoing phone logs
• Steps to conducting an industrial espionage case
• Gather all personnel assigned to the investigation and brief them on the plan
• Gather resources to conduct the investigation

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 32
classroom use.
Industrial Espionage Investigations (5 of 5)

• Steps (cont’d)
• Place surveillance systems at key locations
• Discreetly gather any additional evidence
• Collect all log data from networks and e-mail servers
• Report regularly to management and corporate attorneys
• Review the investigation’s scope with management and corporate attorneys

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 33
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Interviews and Interrogations in High-Tech
Investigations (1 of 2)
• Becoming a skilled interviewer and interrogator can take many years of
experience
• Interview
• Usually conducted to collect information from a witness or suspect
- About specific facts related to an investigation

• Interrogation
• Process of trying to get a suspect to confess
• Role as a digital investigator
• To instruct the investigator conducting the interview on what questions to ask
- And what the answers should be
• Ingredients for a successful interview or interrogation
• Being patient throughout the session
• Repeating or rephrasing questions to zero in on specific facts from a reluctant witness
or suspect
• Being tenacious
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Understanding Data Recovery
Workstations and Software
• Investigations are conducted on a computer forensics lab (or data-recovery lab)
• In data recovery, the customer or your company just wants the data back
• Computer forensics workstation
• A specially configured PC
• Loaded with additional forensics software
• To avoid altering the evidence, use:
• Write-blockers devices
- Enable you to boot to Windows without writing data to the evidence drive

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 35
classroom use.
Setting Up Your Workstation for Digital
Forensics (1 of 2)
• Basic requirements
• A workstation running Windows 7 or later
• A write-blocker device
• Digital forensics acquisition tool
• Digital forensics analysis tool
• Target drive to receive the source or suspect disk data
• Spare PATA or SATA ports
• USB ports

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 36
classroom use.
Setting Up your Workstation for Digital
Forensics (2 of 2)
• Additional useful items
• Network interface card (NIC)
• Extra USB ports
• FireWire 400/800 ports
• SCSI card
• Disk editor tool
• Text editor tool
• Graphics viewer program
• Other specialized viewing tools

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 37
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Conducting an Investigation
• Gather resources identified in investigation plan
• Items needed
• Original storage media
• Evidence custody form
• Evidence container for the storage media
• Bit-stream imaging tool
• Forensic workstation to copy and examine your evidence
• Securable evidence locker, cabinet, or safe

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 38
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Gathering the Evidence

• Avoid damaging the evidence


• Steps
• Meet the IT manager to interview him
• Fill out the evidence form, have the IT manager sign
• Place the evidence in a secure container
• Carry the evidence to the computer forensics lab
• Complete the evidence custody form
• Secure evidence by locking the container

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 39
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Understanding Bit-Stream Copies (1 of 2)

• Bit-stream copy
• Bit-by-bit copy of the original storage medium
• Exact copy of the original disk
• Different from a simple backup copy
- Backup software only copy known files
- Backup software cannot copy deleted files, e-mail messages or recover file fragments

• Bit-stream image
• File containing the bit-stream copy of all data on a disk or partition
• Also known as “image” or “image file”
• Copy image file to a target disk that matches the original disk’s manufacturer,
size and model

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 40
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Understanding Bit-stream Copies (2 of 2)

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 41
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Acquiring an Image of Evidence Media

• First rule of computer forensics


• Preserve the original evidence
• Conduct your analysis only on a copy of the data
• Several vendors provide MS-DOS, Linux, and Windows acquisition tools
• Windows tools require a write-blocking device when acquiring data from FAT or NTFS
file systems

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 42
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Analyzing Your Digital Evidence (1 of 8)

• Your job is to recover data from:


• Deleted files
• File fragments
• Complete files
• Deleted files linger on the disk until new data is saved on the same physical
location
• Tools can be used to retrieve deleted files
• Autopsy

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 43
classroom use.
Analyzing Your Digital Evidence (2 of 8)

• Steps to analyze a USB drive


• Start Autopsy
• Create a new case
• Type the case name
• Select the working folder
• Steps to add source data
• Select data source type
• Select image file
• Keep the default settings in the Configure Ingest Modules window

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 44
classroom use.
Analyzing Your Digital Evidence (3 of 8)

• Steps to display the contents of the acquired data


• Click to expand Views, File Types, By Extension, and Documents
• Select file to display
• Click Tag and Comment
• Click the New Tag Name button
• Analyze the data
• Search for information related to the complaint
• Data analysis can be most time-consuming task

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 45
classroom use.
Analyzing Your Digital Evidence (4 of 8)

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 46
classroom use.
Analyzing Your Digital Evidence (5 of 8)

• With Autopsy you can:


• Search for keywords of interest in the case
• Display the results in a search results window
• Click each file in the search results window and examine its content in the data area
• Export the data to a folder of your choice
• Search for specific filenames
• Generate a report of your activities
• Additional features of Autopsy
• Display binary (nonprintable) data in the Content Viewer

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 47
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Analyzing Your Digital Evidence (6 of 8)

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 48
classroom use.
Analyzing Your Digital Evidence (7 of 8)

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 49
classroom use.
Analyzing Your Digital Evidence (8 of 8)

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 50
classroom use.
Completing the Case (1 of 2)

• You need to produce a final report


• State what you did and what you found
• Include Autopsy report to document your work
• Repeatable findings
• Repeat the steps and produce the same result
• If required, use a report template
• Report should show conclusive evidence
• Suspect did or did not commit a crime or violate a company policy

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 51
classroom use.
Completing the Case (2 of 2)

• Keep a written journal of everything you do


• Your notes can be used in court
• Answer the six Ws:
• Who, what, when, where, why, and how
• You must also explain computer and network processes
• Autopsy Report Generator
• Can generate reports in different styles: plain text, HTML and Excel

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 52
classroom use.
Critiquing the Case

• Ask yourself the following questions:


• How could you improve your performance in the case?
• Did you expect the results you found? Did the case develop in ways you did not
expect?
• Was the documentation as thorough as it could have been?
• What feedback has been received from the requesting source?
• Did you discover any new problems? If so, what are they?
• Did you use new techniques during the case or during research?

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 53
classroom use.
The End

© 2019 Cengage. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for 54
classroom use.

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